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Arch100 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The origin of modern behaviour is one of the most important and debated topics in anthropology and archaeology. Amongst scholars, there is consensus that one of the key evidence of modern behaviour is the appearance of _______.

A

Symbolism and complex language

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2
Q

The middle Stone Age in Africa ushered in highly variable stone tool assemblages and subsistence strategies based on _____.

A

Marine and freshwater resources & large game

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3
Q

The earliest form of art Africa was found at the Middle Stone Age site ______ and dates between _____ years ago.

A

Blombos Cave; 77-100,000

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4
Q

Neanderthal’s skeletal traits include what? 5 points:

A

-Occipital bun
-Circular eye orbits
-Large cranial capacity (>1400 cc)
-Mandible “without” chin
-Receding forehead

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5
Q

True fact about H. Neanderthalensis: 4:

A

-Neanderthals shares H.Heidelbergensis as common ancestors of Homo sapiens and Denisovans
-Neanderthals manufactured Middle Palaeolithic tools that are characterized by Levallois points and other Mousterian lithic implements.
-Neanderthals have never been found in Africa
+???? Check what other one

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6
Q

It has been suggested that Neanderthals and modern humans DON’T share the FOXP2 gene associated with language capability, T or F?

A

False: They do share the FOXP2 gene

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7
Q

Later Stone Age in Africa and Upper palaeolithic in Eurasia are associate with _____ and characterized by _____.

A

Homo Sapiens and Mode 4 Stone tools

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8
Q

Mobility art refers to _____ and appears archaeological record during the _____ period of the Upper Palaeolithic.

A

Artistic production that can be moved with you; and Aurignacian.

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9
Q

The Aurignacian transitions into the ____. This period is known for shouldered points and buries, elaborate burials, and the earliest/most secure evidence for _____ use.

A

-Gravettian; textile and basketry

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10
Q

____ Encompassed areas of Tasmania, Australia,and New Guinea during glacial periods, when sea levels were low.

A

Sahul

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11
Q

What skeletal traits characterize Homo Floresiensis’ remains dated to 100-60,000 years ago found in Liang Bua Cave on the Island of Flores(Indonesia)? 3:

A

Small cranial capacity; short stature; round orbits

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12
Q

It appears that the Australian continent was first peopled by who?

A

Homo Sapiens 65,000 years ago

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13
Q

The archaeological site of Lake Mungo is southern Australia is important because… 4:

A

-It contains the first clear evidence for modern humans in Australia(Skeletal remains and burials) dating to 40,000 years ago
-It was inhabited ~50,000 years ago, indicating humans migrated quickly across the Australian landmass.
-The 40,000 years old skeletal remains appear to be cremated before inhumation
-Footprints of modern humans were preserved in LAke Mungo’s dried up mud, further proving humans walked the landscape

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14
Q

The people who originated from Taiwan 6,500 years ago, established themselves in the Bismarck archipelago around 3,500 years ago, and first settled in the Polynesian archipelagos are known as ____.

A

Lapita

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15
Q

_____ refers to the landmass that was believed to connect Siberia and Alaska between 10-12,000 years ago.

A

Beringa

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16
Q

How many potential routes have been proposed for the peopling of the Americas?

A

Coastal; Ice-Free Corridor; South Pacific; Atlantic Ice Shelf

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17
Q

What is the Clovis culture recognized for? 4:

A

-Used fluted spears
-Was diffused from the west to the East Coast of the USA
-Subsistence heavily based on hunting late game
-Dates from ca. 13,500 to 12,500 years ago

18
Q

There are four major hypotheses proposed to explain how people migrated to the Americas. The “Clovis First” Model was the first hypothesis proposed, yet the model is now largely considered obsolete. T or F?

A

True

19
Q

What does the copious genetic information retrieved from living populations and ancient America human remains suggest?

A

?????

20
Q

The Ancient past, there were many different members of the Homo. Today, the only extant (living) member of the genus Homo is Homo.Sapiens. T or F?

A

True

21
Q

Mitochondrial DNA is passed down through _____, while nuclear DNA is passed down through _____.

A

The mother; both parents

22
Q

The evolutionary process of ____ refers to different selective pressures affecting different features at various rates.

A

Mosaic evolution

23
Q

What anatomical traits differentiate hominins (i.e., Australopiths and humans) from other primates?
4:

A

-Hominins have cranial capacity larger than 400cc
-Hominins are obligate bipedal, while non human primates are only optionally bipedal
-Hominins lack large canines, while apes have large canines and a diastema
-Hominins have foot with non-opposable toe forming the foot arch
-Lower limbs longer than the upper limbs
-S-shaped spine

24
Q

Behaviour that is not genetically transmitted, and develops within human culture is known as ______.

A

Cultural Evolution

25
Q

What are the four main types of stone tool techniques that have been identified in the archaeological record?

A

Oldowan, Acheulian, Levallois, and Blade Core

26
Q

H. Habilis and H. Rudolfensis are the earliest Homo species, and lived between 2.8-1.6 million years ago. Evidence indicates H. Habilis NEVER left Africa. Rather, the first homo species to migrate out of Africa was H.Erectus. T or F?

A

True

27
Q

Of the information listed, what is not true regarding H. Heidelbergensis?

A

Neanderthals and Denisovans evolved from a genetic mutation among H Heidelbergensis in Africa.

28
Q

We distinguish between archaic Homo sapiens and Homo sapiens (modern humans). Archaic Homo sapiens were generally more robust than modern humans and were only capable of making Middle Stone Age and Middle Paleolithic technologies (Mode 3, Levallois). On the contrary, modern humans manufactured Mode 4 stone tools (i.e., thin regular blades) characteristic of the African Later Stone Age and Eurasian Upper Paleolithic industries. True or False?

A

True

29
Q

Species:

A

A group of intimately related and physically similar organisms that can produce fertile offspring.
-Share same genetic code (DNA) = Genome

30
Q

Taxonomy: Humans:

A

Species: Homo Sapiens
Genus: Homo
Superfamily: Hominoidea(Hominoids)
Family: Hominidae(Hominids)
Subfamily:Homininae(Hominines)
TRibe: Hominini (hominins)

31
Q

Mosaic Evolution

A

Different selective pressures affect different features at different times

32
Q

Cultural Evolution

A

-Culture = learned behaviour: passed and transformed from generation to generation. It is NOT genetically transmitted
-Co-Evolution: Interplay of cultural and biological evolution

33
Q

Mode 1 + 2 Stone Tool Techniques:

A

Mode 1: Pebble tool technique (Oldowan) 3.5 mil -Hammerstone, choppers, and flakes. Ergaster and HAbilis
Mode 2: Bifacially worked tools technique (Acheulean) 500,000. Symmetrical tools, hand axes, cleavers, and bifaces. Erectus, and heidelbergensis

-both ergaster.
In Africa: Early Stone Age
In Eurasia: Lower Paleolithic

34
Q

Homo Heidelbergensis

A

Are the common Ancestor of Modern humans, Denisovans, and Neanderthals.

35
Q

Archaic H. Sapiens V. H. Sapiens:

A

Archaic H. Sapiens: Older (300kyr to70kyr)
• More robust (thick bone structure)
• Mode 3 Stone Tools (Levallois Technique)
– Middle Stone Age Stone Tools in Africa – Middle Paleolithic Stone Tools in Eurasia

H. Sapiens: Morerecent(70kyr to present)
• Thinner bone structure
• Mode 4 + 5 Stone Tools (Blade‐core technique)
– Later Stone Age Stone tools in Africa
– Upper Paleolithic Stone Tools in Eurasia

36
Q

Modern Behaviour:

A

-Use of Symbols
-Complex Language
-Brian Cortex
-Conceptualization of afterlife

37
Q

Middle Stone Age in Africa: Earliest forms of Art

A

Blombos cave; South Africa. 77,000 years old
-Incised Pigments (Ochre and Hematite)
-Shell crucibles to crush pigments
-Incised and pierced shells

38
Q

Neanderthals and Archaic H. Sapiens Overlap in the ME: 8

A

• Made Middle Paleolithic stone tools
• Maintained small sites
• Used fire
• Had no bone tools and
• Had little no art
• Buried dead in pits
• Had few simple grave goods

39
Q

Neanderthals

A

• Anatomical Characteristics
– Large cranial capacity >1,400 cc (average = 1,700cc)
– Circular orbits
– Double‐arched brow ridge
– Receding forehead (back‐sloping frontal bone)
– Occipital bun
– No chin

• Important Sites:
o Europe (South, Central, East) o South West Asia (Middle East)
o CaucasusMountains
o Uzbekistan
o Altai Mountains

• Subsistence + Culture:
– Hunting large games
• spears and stampede
– Small games and water resources
– Intensive use of Fire
- ritual behaviour
- burials
-art and symbolic behaviour (cave paintings)

• Share the FOXP2 gene with Homo sapiens

-Complex Language Capability – Human‐like Hyoid bone

-Mod H. sapiens in Middle East @ ~ 55,000 years ago
•Modern Homo sapiens in East + South Europe @ ~ 45,000 years ago
o Anatomically distinct
o Culturally distinct
‐ Modern H. sapiens show Mode 4 and Upper Paleolithic / LSA industry
‐ Neanderthals show Mode 3 and Middle Paleolithic Culture

40
Q

No, the transition from hunting and gathering to food, production of Kurt independently, and at least seven regions of the world. True or false?

A

True

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