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Human Development > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Child Development

A

Study of the persistent, cumulative, and progressive changes in the physical, cognitive, social-emotional development of children and adolescents.

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2
Q

Context

A

The broad social environments, including family, schools, neighborhoods, community organizations, culture, ethnicity, and society at large, that influence children’s development.

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3
Q

Culture

A

The values, traditions, and symbol systems of a long-standing social group that give purpose and meaning to children’s daily activities and interpersonal relationships.

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4
Q

Nature

A

Inherited characteristics and tendencies that affect development.

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5
Q

Nurture

A

Environment conditions that affect development.

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6
Q

Temperament

A

A child’s characteristic ways of responding to emotional events, novel stimuli, and personal impulses.

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7
Q

Maturation

A

Genetically guided changes that occur over the course of development.

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8
Q

Sensitive Period

A

A period in development when certain environmental experiences have a more pronounced influence than is true at other times.

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9
Q

Universality

A

In a particular aspect of human development, the commonalities seen in the way virtually all individuals progress.

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10
Q

Diversity

A

In a particular aspect of human development, the varied ways in which individuals progress.

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11
Q

Qualitative Change

A

Relatively dramatic developmental change that reflects considerable reorganization or modification of functioning.

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12
Q

Quantitative Change

A

Developmental change that involves a series of minor, trend like modifications.

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13
Q

Stage

A

A period of development characterized by a qualitative distinct way of behaving or thinking.

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14
Q

Stage Theory

A

Theory that describes development as involving a series of qualitatively distinct changes.

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15
Q

Theory

A

Integrated collection of principles and explanations regarding a particular phenomenon.

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16
Q

Biological Theory

A

Theoretical perspective that focuses on inherited physiological structures of the body and brain that support survival, growth, and learning.

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17
Q

Behaviorism

A

Theoretical perspectives in which children’s behavioral and emotional responses change as a direct result of particular environmental stimuli.

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18
Q

Developmentally Appropriate Practice

A

Instruction and other services adapted to the age, characteristics, and developmental progress of individual children.

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19
Q

Scientific Method

A

Multistep process of carefully defining and addressing a research question using critical thinking and analysis of the evidence.

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20
Q

Sample

A

The specific participants in a research study; their performance is often assumed to indicate how a large population of individuals would perform.

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21
Q

Self- Report

A

Data collection technique whereby participants are asked to describe their own characteristics and performance.

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22
Q

Interview

A

Data collection technique that obtains self-report data through face-to-face conversation.

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23
Q

Questionnaire

A

Data collection technique that obtains self-report data through a paper-and-pencil inventory.

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24
Q

Test

A

Instrument designed to assess knowledge, abilities, or skills in a consistent fashion across individuals.

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25
Assessment
Task that children complete and researchers use to make judgment of children's understandings and skills.
26
Physiological Measure
Direct assessment of physical development or physiological functioning.
27
Habituation
Changes in children's physiological responses to repeated displays of the same stimulus, reflecting loss of interest.
28
Validity
Extent to which a data collection technique actually assesses what the researcher intends for it to assess.
29
Reliability
Extent to which a data collection technique yields consistent, dependable results- results that are only minimally affected by temporary and irrelevant influences.
30
Experimental Study
Research study in which a researcher manipulates one aspect of environment (a treatment), controls other aspects of the environment, and assesses the treatment's effects on participants' behavior.
31
Control Group
Group that does not receive the treatment under investigation in an experiment.
32
Quasi-Experimental Study
Research study in which one or more experimental treatments are administered but in which random assignment to groups is not possible.
33
Correlation
Extent to which two variables are related to each other, such that when one variable increases, the other either increases or decreases in a somewhat predictable fashion.
34
Correlational Study
Research study that explores relationships among variables.
35
Cross-Sectional Study
Research study in which the performance of individuals at different ages is compared at a single point in time.
36
Longitudinal Study
Research study in which the performance of a single group of people is tracked over a period of time.
37
Ethnography
Naturalistic research study in which investigators spend an extensive period of time documenting the cultural patterns of a group of people in everyday settings.
38
Case Study
Naturalistic research study in which investigators document a single persons's or a small group's experiences in depth over a period of time.
39
Grounded Theory Study
Naturalistic research study in which investigators develop and elaborate new theories while comparing data (such as interview statements from participants) to the researchers' emerging interpretations.
40
Cultural Bias
Extent to which an assessment offends or unfairly penalizes some individuals because of their ethnicity or cultural background, gender, or socioeconomic status.
41
Action Research
Systematic study of an issue of problem by a teacher or other practitioner, with the goal of bringing about more productive outcomes for children.
42
Ethnicity
Membership in a group of people with a common cultural heritage and shared values, beliefs, and behaviors.
43
Acculturation
Process of taking on the customs and values of a new culture.
44
Assimilation
Form of acculturation in which a person totally embraces a culture, abandoning a previous culture in the process.
45
Rejection
Form of acculturation in which a person fails to learn or accept any customs and values from a new cultural environment.
46
Selective Adoption
Form of acculturation in which a person assumes some customs of a new culture while also retaining some customs of a previous culture.
47
Bicultural Orientation
Form of acculturation in which a person is familiar with two cultures and selectively draws from the values and traditions of one or both cultures depending on the context.
48
Ethnical Identity
Awareness of being a member of a particular ethnic or cultural group and willingness to adopt certain values and behaviors characteristic of that group.
49
Socioeconomic Status
One's general standing in an economically stratified society, encompassing family income, type of job, and education level.
50
Resilience
Ability of some youngsters to thrive despite adverse environmental conditions.
51
Gross Motor Skills
Large movements of the body that permits locomotion through and within the environment.
52
Fine Motor Skills
Small, precise movements of particular parts of the body, especially the hands.
53
Puberty
Physiological changes that occur during adolescence and lead to reproductive maturation.
54
Menarche
First menstrual period in an adolescent female.
55
Spermarche
First ejaculation in an adolescent male.
56
Conceptual Change
Revision of one's knowledge and understanding of a topic in response to new information about the topic.
57
Learning Disabilities
Significant deficit in one or more cognitive processes, to the point where special educational services are required.
58
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Disability characterized by inattention, by hyperactivity and impulsive behavior, or by all of these characteristics.
59
Emergent Literacy
Knowledge and skills that lay a foundation for reading and writing; typically develops in the preschool years from early experiences with written language.
60
Phonological Awareness
Ability to hear the distinct sounds of which spoken words are comprised.
61
Sight Vocabulary
Words that a child can immediately recognize while reading.
62
Story Schema
Knowledge of the typical elements and sequence of a narrative.
63
Dyslexia
Inability to master basic reading skills in a developmentally typical time frame despite normal reading instruction.
64
Invented Spelling
A child's early, self-constructed word spelling, which may reflect only some of the word's phonemes.
65
Knowledge Telling
Writing down ideas in whatever order they come to mind, with little regard for communicating the ideas effectively.
66
Knowledge Transforming
Writing about ideas in such a way as to intentionally help the reader understand them.
67
Visual-Spatial Ability
Ability to imagine and mentally manipulate two- and three-dimensional figures.
68
Dyscalculia
Inability to master basic numerical concepts and operations in a developmentally typical time frame despite normal instruction.
69
Emotion
Affective response to an event that is personally relevant to one's needs and goals.
70
Emotional Contagion
Tendency for infants to cry spontaneously when they hear other infants crying.
71
Self-Conscious Emotion
Affective state that reflects awareness of a community's social standards.
72
Emotional Regulation
Strategies to manage affective states.
73
Empathy
Capacity to experience the same feelings as another person, especially when the feeling is pain or distress.
74
Peer Pressure
Tactics used to encourage some behaviors and discourage others in age-mates.
75
Popular Children
Children whom many peers like and perceive to be kind and trustworthy.
76
Rejected Children
Children whom many peers identify as being unfavorable social partners.
77
Neglected Children
Children whom peers rarely select as someone they would either most like or least like to do something with.
78
Controversial Children
Children whom some peers really like and other peers strongly dislike.
79
Dominance Hierarchy
Relative standing of group members in terms of such qualities as leadership and social influence.
80
Clique
Moderately stable friendship group of perhaps three to nine members.
81
Crowd
Large collection of adolescents who share certain characteristics, tend to affiliate together, and are defined by others according to their reputations.
82
Subculture
Group that resists the ways of the dominant culture and adopts its own norms for behavior.
83
Gang
Cohesive social group characterized by initiation rites, distinctive colors and symbols, territorial orientation, feuds with rival groups, and criminal activity.
84
Society
Large, enduring group of people that is socially and economically organized and has collective institutions and activities.
85
Interactive Technology
Array of electronic, digitally based machines that are operated dynamically by a person whose commands determine emerging program sequences.

Human Development (2 decks)

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