Exam 1

Question 1

Why is antibiotic resistance becoming more common

Answer 1

Bacteria and viruses can produce new generations in a short period of time - resistant strains can proliferate life very quickly

Question 2

How is antibiotic resistance an example of evolution

Answer 2

pathogens in a population that are resistant to antibiotics are selected, evolution by natural selection occurs rapidly due to the rapid reproduction, pathogens that are resistant will survive the antibiotics and reproduce

Question 3

Evolution

Answer 3

(1) descent with modification; change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation
(2) the process by which a species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time

Question 4

Alfred Russel Wallace

Answer 4

a British naturalist who developed a hypothesis on natural selection nearly identical to Darwin’s- submitted his ideas for publication first

Question 5

What is Lamarck primarily known for?

Answer 5

his incorrect hypothesis of evolution

Question 6

Lamarcks hypothesis of evolution

Answer 6

1. (use and disuse) parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while parts that aren’t used deteriorate
   2.(inheritance of acquired characteristics) organisms pass modifications to their offspring

Question 7

What was Lamarcks visionary recognition about?

Answer 7

proposed how life changes over time, evolutionary changes explain patterns in fossils and how organisms are well suited for their environments

Question 8

Lamarck thought evolution happens because

Answer 8

organisms have an innate drive to become more complex

Question 9

Georges Buffon

Answer 9

discovered that animals of different species could be crossbred, but their offspring were infertile

Question 10

Georges Cuvier

Answer 10

developed paleontology (the study of fossils)

Question 11

What did Cuvier infer about extinction

Answer 11

opposed evolution believed the boundary between strata represented a catastrophic event that destroyed species

Question 12

James Hutton

Answer 12

proposed that earth’s geological features could be explained by gradual mechanisms

Question 13

Charles Lyell

Answer 13

proposed that the same geological process that Hutton suggested are operating today as in the past at the same rate

Question 14

Who suggested that profound change could take place through the cumulative effect of slow but continuous processes

Answer 14

Hutton and Lyell

Question 15

How did Darwin apply the idea of gradual change to biological evolution

Answer 15

if a geological change results from slow continuous events, the earth must be much older than was believed

Question 16

Charles Darwin

Answer 16

wrote The Origin of species,developed a scientific explanation for the diversity of life - concluded that all life develops over time

Question 17

Darwin’s description of natural selection

Answer 17

explains how adaptations arise; a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at a higher rate because of their traits

Question 18

Microevolution

Answer 18

a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations

Question 19

Birds with alleles encoding large beaks surviving at a higher rate is an example of

Answer 19

microevolution

Question 20

Macroevolution

Answer 20

the broad pattern of evolution above the species level

Question 21

The origin of new groups of organisms such as mammals or flowering plants through a series of speciation events is an example of

Answer 21

Macroevolution

Question 22

Gene Pool

Answer 22

all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population

Question 23

Directional selection

Answer 23

shifts the overall makeup of the population by favoring variants that are at one extreme of the distribution

Question 24

Disruptive selection

Answer 24

favors variants at both ends of the distribution

Question 25

Stabilizing selection

Answer 25

removes extreme variants from the population and preserves intermediate types

Question 26

Conditions favor one extreme of a phenotype; light mice are favored over dark mice

Answer 26

directional selection

Question 27

conditions favor both extremes of a phenotype and select against intermediate types; light and dark mice favored only

Answer 27

disruptive selection

Question 28

acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate; selects against light and dark mice

Answer 28

stabilizing selection

Question 29

Natural selection vs artificial selection

Answer 29

Natural= nature selects variations with favorable traits better suited for an environment Artificial= humans select and breed individuals based on selected traits

Question 30

When a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, the smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population

Answer 30

Founder effect

Question 31

members of a population being blown away by a storm to a new island is an example of

Answer 31

The founder effect

Question 32

a sudden change in the environment may drastically reduce the size of a population, alleles may become overrepresented, underrepresented or absent due to the drastic size reduction

Answer 32

bottleneck effect

Question 33

Yellow, blue and white marbles mixed together are poured into a glass, there are now mainly blue marbles, one white and no yellow

Answer 33

bottleneck effect

Question 34

chance events that cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next, especially in small populations

Answer 34

genetic drift

Question 35

A small wildflower population has a stable size of 10 plants, by chance only 5 plants of generation 1 produce fertile offspring, by chance again only 2 plants of generation 2 produce fertile offspring

Answer 35

genetic drift

Question 36

related species have characteristics that are similar but have different functions

Answer 36

homologous structures

Question 37

a human, cat, whale and bat all have the same basic skeletal structure but are used for different purposes

Answer 37

homologous structures

Question 38

features that share similar functions but not common ancestry

Answer 38

analogous structures

Question 39

a feature of an organism that is a historical remanent of a structure that served a function in the organism's ancestors

Answer 39

vestigial structure

Question 40

a human embryo having a tail before it is reabsorbed is an example of what structure

Answer 40

vestigial

Question 41

the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages

Answer 41

convergent evolution

Question 42

why do distantly related organisms resemble one another

Answer 42

convergent evolution; individuals evolve from different ancestors but adapt to similar environments in similar ways

Question 43

similarities between sugar gliders and flying squirrels is an example of

Answer 43

convergent evolution

Question 44

Types of fossils

Answer 44

-sedimentary rock -mineralized organic matter -trace fossils -amber -frozen soil, ice and acid bogs

Question 45

most common technique of dating a fossil

Answer 45

radiometric dating

Question 46

the time required for 50% of the parent isotope to decay

Answer 46

half-life

Question 47

Wallaces line separates

Answer 47

the Asian and Australian biotic regions

Question 48

Linnaeus classification system

Answer 48

-species -genus -family -order -class -phylum -kingdom

Question 49

binomial nomenclature

Answer 49

genus, species

Question 50

long periods of apparent stasis, in which a species undergoes little or no morphological change, interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change

Answer 50

punctuated equilibrium

Question 51

slow and gradual changes in a species , occurs in small periodic changes in the gene pool

Answer 51

gradualism

Question 52

the techniques used to study ___ ____ are based on the comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences among species

Answer 52

molecular evolution

Question 53

first main stage to produce simple cells

Answer 53

the abiotic (nonliving) synthesis of small organic molecules such as amino acids and nitrogenous bases

Question 54

second main stage to produce simple cells

Answer 54

joining of small molecules into macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids

Question 55

third main stage to produce simple cells

Answer 55

packaging of molecules into protocells

Question 56

fourth main stage to produce simple cells

Answer 56

origin of self replicating molecules that made inheritance possible

Question 57

layered rocks that form when certain prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together

Answer 57

stromatolites

Question 58

what was earths first organism

Answer 58

single-celled prokaryotes that lived in the ocean