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exam 1 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Name the 3 domains

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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2
Q

What two domains do prokaryotes fall into

A

Bacteria and Archaea (not closely related)

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3
Q

Prokaryotes divide by what type of cell division

A

binary fission

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4
Q

3 basic shapes of prokaryotes

A

Bacillius (rod-shaped)
Coccus (spherical shaped)
Spirillium (helical/spiral shaped)

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5
Q

Archaea more closely resemble _______ than bacteria

A

Eukaryotes

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6
Q

Domain bacteria -> Kingdom _______

A

Eubacteria

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7
Q

Domain archaea -> Kingdom ______

A

Archaebacteria

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8
Q

The few species of bacteria that can cause serious illness?

A

Pathogens

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9
Q

Positive impacts of bacteria include?

A

Nitrogen-fixers
decomposers
sewage treatment
bioremediation

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10
Q

Are all bacteria harmful?

A

No! some are harmful like staph bacteria, while some are helpful decomposers like streptomyces.

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11
Q

Many organelles evovled via ____________ between an ancestral eukaryote and a bacterial cell

A

endosymbiosis (symbiotic relationships)

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12
Q

Mitochondria - proteobacteria are what?

A

aerobic bacteria engulfed by larger bacteria

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13
Q

Chloroplasts - cyanobacteria are what?

A

larger bacteria that engulf smaller photosynthetic bacteria

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14
Q

6 fundamental features of plants and animals?

A
  1. Adhesion between cells
  2. cell communication
  3. tissue and organ differentiation
  4. reproduction
  5. cell/tissue loss is lethal for organism
  6. interior and exterior cells
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15
Q

What is diffusion?

A

movement of molecules from high -> low concentrations acting over SMALL distances

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16
Q

What is bulk transport?

A

movement of molecules at rates beyond diffusion across concentration gradient

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17
Q

Examples of bulk transport?

A
  1. pumping blood through circulatory system
  2. transport of water from roots to leaves
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18
Q

The 3 requirements of cells

A
  1. Adhesion
  2. Communication
  3. Genetic program (genes, DNA)
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19
Q

Cell adhesion in animals

A

cadherins
integrins
transmembrane proteins

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20
Q

cell adhesion in plants

A

pectins

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21
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

cell communication in ANIMALS between cells thatpromote molecular signals

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22
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

cell communication in ANIMALS between cells that promote molecular signals.

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23
Q

What is plasmodesmata?

A

Cell communication in plants where strands of cytoplasm connect neighboring plant cells

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24
Q

The plant cell wall impacts __________ support to cells AND provides the _________ support for trees to grow tall.

A

structural support
mechanical support

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25
Growth is restricted to ___________ in roots and stems
meristems (zones of cell division, expansion, and differentiation)
26
Plant cells are _____ while animals can _____
fixed migrate
27
Most diverse of the 4 eukaryotic kingdoms
Protists
28
Protists are NOT ______, ______, or ______
fungi, plants , or animals
29
Autotrophs
-Self-feeders -photosynthetic -chemoautotrophic
30
Heterotrophs
eat something else to gain energy -phagotrophs, ingest particular food matter
31
Mixotrophs
both phototrophic and heterotrophic
32
Protista is not monphyletic but is ________
paraphyletic
33
Are protists harmful?
No! some are harmful like plasmodium while others are helpful like green algae that photosynthesize.
34
fungi are ______-_____ or _________ depending on species
single-celled or multicellular
35
protists can be
unicelluar, multicellular, or colonial
36
prokaryotes are ___cellular
unicellular
37
are fungi sexual or asexual?
both
38
are fungi heterotrophic or autotrophic?
heterotrophic
39
animal and fungi both use _______ for structural support
chitin
40
Mycelium
below ground structure that digest food, mass of connected hyphae
41
Mushroom
above ground mushrooms produce spores
42
Hyphae
nucleated threads that are haploid (1n)
43
fungal cell walls are made of
chitin
44
the most common means of reproduction among fungi
spores
45
spores are formed by ______ or ______ reproduction and are dispersed by _____ or _______
sexual or asexual wind or insects
46
Nutrition of fungi
absorb organic molecules and decompose wood, some fungi are carnivorous
47
Fungi can break down ______ and ______
cellulose and lignin
48
obligate symbiosis
essential for fungus survival
49
facultative symbiosis
nonessential
50
pathogens
harm host by causing disease, exploitative (example: virus like hepatitis)
51
parasites
cause harm to host (do not cause diease), exploitative
52
commensal
relationships benefit one partner but does not harm the other
53
mutualistic relationship
relationships benefit both partners, obligate or facultative (example: relationship between fungi and photosynthetic partner cyanobacteria or green algae)
54
helpful and harmful fungus
penicillin (helpful) bread yeast (helpful) mold on bread (harmful) mushrooms (harmful) wringworm (Harmful)
55
plants are ____cellular
multicellular (eukaryotes)
56
Plant cell walls are made of
cellulose
57
all _____ _____ and land plants shared common protists ancestor
green algae
58
charophyte is the sister to all ____ plants
land plants
59
spore producing structure, may produce _____
seeds
60
Nonvascular?
Bryophytes (liverworts, mosses, hornworts) and Green algae
61
Vascular plants?
lycophytes, ferns and horsetails, gymnosperms, angiosperms
62
Gymnosperms do not have flower and fruits but have ______ instead
cones
63
Angiosperms have ______ and ______
fruits and flowers
64
Phloem
plant vascular tissue that conducts food and nutrients
65
Xylum
plant vascular tissue that transports water and minerals

Bio diversity (3 decks)

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