exam 1

Question 1

Natural Selection

The tendency for organisms to have subtle (or dramatic) differences within a population

Answer 1

Variation

Question 2

Natural Selection

The ability of an organism to pass characteristics on to its offspring

Answer 2

Heredity

Question 3

Natural Selection

Throughout an organisms life, the traits that are used frequently grow and develop, while those that are used infrequently wither (Lamarck).

Answer 3

Use and Disuse

Question 4

Natural Selection

1.) Variation within a population2.) Some organisms must have traits that allow them to leave more offspring than those that don’t have those traits3.) The above traits must be passed

Answer 4

Criteria for evolution by natural selection

Question 5

Natural Selection

Spontaneous changes in DNA, not understood by Darwin when formulating the principles of natural selection

Answer 5

Mutations

Question 6

Evidence of Evolution

When two organisms possess structural similarities due to a presumed shared ancestry

Answer 6

Homologous traits

Question 7

Evidence of Evolution

When two organisms share structural similarities despite not sharing an ancestor with those traits (usually a result of occupying a similar niche)

Answer 7

Convergent evolution (analogous traits, homoplasy)

Question 8

Evidence of Evolution

Domestication of plants and animals that results in dramatic changes in those species.

Answer 8

Artificial Selection

Question 9

Evidence of Evolution

Examining different species of organisms during fetal development to identify patterns/similarities/differences.

Answer 9

Comparative Embryology

Question 10

Evidence of Evolution

The idea that most significant changes are ‘instantaenous’ and bookended by long periods of stasis.

Answer 10

Punctuated Equilibrium

Question 11

Evo Misc.

Random changes in allele frequencies of small populations

Answer 11

Genetic Drift

Question 12

Evo Misc.

When natural selections favors the extremes of a given trait – causes population to contain individuals exhibiting opposite phenotypes, but very little in-between.

Answer 12

Disruptive Selection

Question 13

Evo Misc.

An organism’s cells have twice the number of chromosomes when compared to their parents

Answer 13

Autoploid
(example found in plants. Could result in defects of offsprings if chromosomes don’t match up)

Question 14

Evo Misc.

Two plants (members of different species) hybridize to produce offspring

Answer 14

Allopolyploid

Question 15

Evo Misc.

When two reproductively isolated, but ecologically similar species come into contact, and natural selection favors individuals that use resources not used by the other species

Answer 15

Character Displacement

Question 16

Phylogenetics

Which organisms possess the ancestral trait for hair

Answer 16

Lizards, Salamanders, Sharks, Lamprey

all 0 for hair so it is not a derived trait but an ancestral trait

Question 17

Phylogenetics

includes the most recent common ancestor of the group, but not all descendants

Answer 17

paraphyletic group

Question 18

Phylogenetics

Includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants

Answer 18

monophyletic

Question 19

Phylogenetics

does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members in the group

Answer 19

polyphyletic

Question 20

Phylogenetics

The level of classification that falls between Class and Family

Answer 20

Order

Question 21

Phylogenetics

A group of species that contains an ancestor, and all of their descendants

Answer 21

Monophyletic

Question 22

Phylogenetics

If you were to remove lamprey from the character table, what would be the state for jaws in humans?

Answer 22

0 - ancestral

Removing outlier changes the ancestral trait bc the most recent ancestor

Question 23

Reproductive Isolation

Barriers to reproduction occuring BEFORE fertilization

Answer 23

Prezygotic

Question 24

Reproductive Isolation

Speciation that occurs when two populations are geographically isolated.

Answer 24

Allopatric

Question 25

# Reproductive Isolation Speciation that occurs when two populations are not geographically isolated.

Answer 25

Sympatric

Question 26

# Reproductive Isolation The exchange of genetic material between populations of the same species

Answer 26

Gene Flow

Question 27

# Reproductive Isolation Two species of flies are unable to mate because they each have different courtship rituals. Females of species 1 will not respond to the courtship of species 2. (more specific than pre-zygotic)

Answer 27

Behavioral Isolation

Question 28

# Misc Provide 3 reasons for the incomplete fossil record

Answer 28

Lack of hard parts, conditions required for fossilization, availability (surface), distribution of organisms.....

Question 29

# Misc Although horses and donkeys are capable of producing hybrid offspring, the mule is sterile, and therefore cannot reproduce.

Answer 29

Infertility (hybrid)

Question 30

# Misc The amount of time it takes for ½ of a parent isotope to decay into its daughter isotope.

Answer 30

Half Life (3?)

Question 31

# Misc Organisms are members of the same species when they can interbreed to produce fertile, viable offspring.

Answer 31

Biological Species Concept

Question 32

# Misc The most significant mass extinction (in terms of % species lost) that we’re aware of.

Answer 32

Permian

Question 33

# Evidence for Evolution the study of the similarities and differences in the embryos of different Species. Similarities in embryos are likely to be evidence of common ancestry. All vertebrate embryos, for example, have gill slits and tails

Answer 33

Comparative embryology

Question 34

# Evidence for Evolution unused structures without function.Some structures exist in organisms that have no apparent function at all, and appear to be residual parts from a past common ancestor.

Answer 34

Vestigial structures

Question 35

# Evidence for Evolution process in which two distinct lineages evolve a similar characteristic independently of one another

Answer 35

Convergent evolution

Question 36

# Evidence for Evolution accumulation of differences between groups leading to the formation of new species

Answer 36

divergent evolution

Question 37

# Evidence for Evolution process that measures the radioactive decay of certain elements.

Answer 37

Radiometric dating

Question 38

# Evidence for Evolution any fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group

Answer 38

Transitional fossils

Question 39

# Speciation If natural selection favors an average phenotype, selecting against extreme variation, the population will undergo

Answer 39

stabilizing selection

Question 40

# Speciation When the environment changes, populations will often undergo

Answer 40

directional selection

Question 41

# Speciation Species occur in the same area, but they occupy different habitats and rarely encounter each other.(i.e. tigers and lions in nature)

Answer 41

Ecological isolation

Question 42

# Speciation Species differ in their mating rituals.(i.e. birds mating dance vs no dance)

Answer 42

Behavioral isolation

Question 43

# Speciation Species reproduce in different seasons or at different times of the day.(i.e. flowers blooming during different seasons)

Answer 43

Temporal isolation

Question 44

# Speciation Structural differences between species prevent mating

Answer 44

Mechanical isolation

Question 45

# speciation a rapid increase in the number of species with a common ancestor, characterized by great ecological and morphological diversity

Answer 45

Adaptive Radiation

Question 46

# Speciation a species is a group of organisms that can potentially interbreed, or mate, with one another to produce viable, fertile offspring.

Answer 46

Biological species concept

Question 47

# Speciation frequently applied in such cases(fossils), as it relies entirely on morphology (the physical structures or traits of an organism).

Answer 47

Morphological species concept

Question 48

# Speciation Each species adapted to its environment.  Distinctions among species are maintained by natural selection.  Stabilizing selection maintains the species’ adaptations.  Hybrids are quickly eliminated from gene pool.  In some cases, strong selection overwhelms gene flow.

Answer 48

Ecological species concept

Question 49

# Speciation defines species as groups of organisms that share a pattern of ancestry and descent and which form a single branch on the tree of life

Answer 49

Phylogenetic species concept

Question 50

# Mass Extinction around 500 million yrs ago and around 400 families remained

Answer 50

Devonian

Question 51

# Mass Extinction around 560 million yrs ago and around 325 families remained

Answer 51

Silurian- (ordovican)

Question 52

# Mass Extinction around 250 million yrs ago and around 200 families remained (largest)

Answer 52

Permian

Question 53

# Mass Extinction around 200 million yrs ago and around 300 families remained

Answer 53

Triassic

Question 54

# Mass Extinction around 50 million yrs ago and around 625 families remained

Answer 54

Cretaceous

Question 55

# Mass Extinction number of species decreasing at an alarming rate due to human activity (current)

Answer 55

6th – Anthropocene