exam 1 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
genetic variation
A
vary between organisms
2
Q
mutation
A
2 sources of genetic variation
3
Q
dna
A
made of 3 nucleotides
4
Q
recombination
A
crossing over in meiosis
5
Q
haploid
A
1n
6
Q
diploid
A
2n
7
Q
gamete
A
sex cell
8
Q
germline mutation
A
in sex cells, can be passed
9
Q
somatic mutation
A
in cell that is not producing, so the mutation cant be passed
10
Q
3 variations
A
deleterious, neutral, adventageous
11
Q
deleterious variation
A
hurts
12
Q
neutral variation
A
doesnt help or hurt
13
Q
advantageous variation
A
helps it in the environment, may increase in frequency in the population
14
Q
adaptation
A
genetic change in individual makes it better able to survive and reproduce
15
Q
allele frequency
A
of alleles / total # of alleles at lous
16
Q
homozygous recessive
A
pp
17
Q
homozygous dominant
A
PP
18
Q
zygote
A
offspring
19
Q
genotype
A
pp PP Pp
20
Q
phenotype
A
“purple white”
21
Q
how to measure variation
A
with allele frequency to measure how rare
22
Q
test cross
A
23
Q
electrophoresis
A
take fluid put in gel matrix in electric field
24
Q
enzymes
A
catalysis. proteins. molecules that allow chemical reactions to proceed (geneticists look at enzymes through electrophoresis)
25
hardy weinberg equilibrium
26
5 conditions for hardy weinberg equilibrium
1. no selection
2. no migration or immigration
3. no mutation
4. large population
5. random mating
27
1. no selection
no difference in survival/ reproductive success of individuals
28
2. no migration or immigration
new people could change the makeup
29
3. no mutation
...
30
4. large population
significantly large. no sampling errors
31
5. random mating
...
32
genetic drift
change in allele frequency due to random effects of population size
33
allele frequencies equation
p + q = 1
34
genotype frequencies equation
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
35
autosomal
not sex linked
36
natural selection
driving mechanism for how populations change, frequency of beneficial alleles increase
37
darwins postulates
1. all organisms show variation
2. all species produce more offspring than can survive
3. individuals w favorable traits will tend to survive and reproduce, passing the favorable traits onto offspring
4. the result is a change toward favorable traits in the population
5. over time this leads to populations becoming adapted to their environment
38
artificial selection
breeders breed traits they want
39
modern synthesis
30s and 40s mendell and darwin
40
patterns of selection
complex traits
41
stabilizing selection
selects against extremes
42
directional selection
selects against one of the two extremes
43
disruptive selection
selects against the mean
44
sexual selection
promotes an individual's access to mating. showy aspects threat to safety
45
other evolutionary forces
can change allele frequency.
46
selection = ?
selection = evolution
47
migration
gene flow, movement of allele population from one to another
48
mutation
change in allele frequency, how we get a new variation
49
genetic drift
random change in allele frequency due to effect of small population size
50
genetic bottleneck
allele frequency altered due to population crash
51
founders effect
large population with small groups that breaks off and starts a new population
52
divergence
molecular evolution
53
molecular clock
using amount of change between 2 groups to estimate time together (conserved vs unconserved genes)
54
species
fundamental biological unit
55
BSC
biological species concept
56
ring species
two populations form ring. one place they can interbreed, they cant at the other
57
ecological species concept
splitting things up based off ecology
58
competitive exclusion
2 species cannot fill same niche at same time
59
ecological niche
end dimensional hypervolume
60
gregory gause
1930s single cell protists
61
evolutionary species concept
how these different groups have evolved, common ancestor
62
cladogram
branching tree that shows where populations diverge. bigger level than species
63
reproductive isolation
prezygotic, post zygotic
64
prezygotic
heaving apart before zygote, stopping geneflow prefertilization
65
postzygotic
stopping geneflow after fertilization
66
zygotic
zygote, combo of 2 gametes
67
(prez iso) behavioral
dances, songs, things to attract
68
prezygotic isolation
behavioral, biochemical, anatomical, temporal, spacial
69
postzygotic isolation
genetic incompatibility
70
(prez iso) biochemical
not the right chemical, nothing happens
71
(prez iso) anatomical
"lock and key" if it doesn't fit it doesn't happen
72
(prez iso) temporal
different times where it occurs
73
(prez iso) spacial
not in same space
74
(post z iso) genetic incompatibility
issue w chromosomes (mule)
75
allopatric speciation
different places split species
76
vicariance
geographical barrier keeping apart (snapping shrimp)
77
dispersal
colonization of distant area
78
peripatric speciation
nearby place dispersal few individuals from big forming island population (big shifts short time)
79
stabilizing selection
!
80
peripatric
!
81
adaptive radiation
!
82
cospeciation
2 completely diff evolving same time same way in response to each other
83
sympatric speciation
disruptive selection
84
allopatric
speciation w no gene flow between diverging populations
85
sympatric
sub pops w diff characteristics
86
instantaneous speciation
happens right away (hybrid can reproduce w hybrid)
87
polyploidy
like haploid but more
88
speciation
split into 2 species
89
prokaryotic
no membrane bound organelles. no nucleus
90
eukaryotic
membrane bound organelles. yes nucleus
91
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
dear king phillip came over from great spain
92
things in prokaryotes
plasma membrane, nucleoid region, cytoplasm, ribosomes
can have: cell wall, flagella
93
nucleoid region
circular chromosomes, plasmids
94
prokaryote
domain bacteria and domain archaea
95
eukaryote
domain eukarya
96
cell
smallest unit of life
97
scientific name
Genus + species
98
semi-autonomous
organelles that can kinda work alone
99
mitochondria
powerhouse turns adp to atp
100
chloroplasts
photosynthesis
101
eukaryotic cells
cytoplasm, nucleus, cytoskeleton, nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vacuoles, plasma membrane
102
endosymbiont theory
inside cells, there's a symbiotic relationship
103
symbiosis
mutualism, parasitism, commensalism
104
mutualism
both benefit (clownfish, anenome)
105
parasitism
one benefits, one harms
106
commensalism
one isn't helped or hurt. no effect
107
multicellular organisms
!! tissue
108
tissue
collection of cells that work together to perform a specific function
109
kingdom Protista
single cell
110
simple multicellularity
poor or minimal communication, no resource sharing. NO TISSUES
111
diffusion
!
112
complex multicellularity
true tissue
