Exam 1 Flashcards
(21 cards)
In eukaryotic cells, DNA is wrapped around proteins called
Histones
Define genome
The complete genetic information of a species.
What bacterial structure is the arrow pointing to?
Plasmid
Homologous chromosomes
Have same gene and different alleles
Model organisms and two characteristics
Fruit flies and e.coli
Easy to grow and short life cycle
Building blocks of polypeptides
Amino acids
What does a nucleotide consist of
Phosphate group, nucleotide base and deoxyribose
How does the structure of DNA give its properties
The central dogma and its extensions
Do genomes tend to get bigger or smaller over time?
They tend to get bigger over time because of mechanisms that add DNA sequences to genomes
Bacterial vs Eukaryotic genome
Chromosome structure
Redundancy
To have many versions of the same information. Examples: gene families, 2 copies of genes (ressesive alleles) , multiple codons for same amino acids
Robustness
Alternate systems/routes can be utilized to lead to same outcome. Example: molecular pathway
Sources of genome variation
RFLPs, Restriction duties, CNVs, and mutations
DNA replication in bacteria vs. eukaryotes
Replication in bacteria only consists of one origin
Replication in eukaryotes consists of multiple origins
The process of DNA replication, including all the enzymes involved
- Helicase
- Primase
- DNA polymerase
- Ligase
- SSB proteins
- Topoisomerase
Helicase
Unwinds and Esperanto’s the double strands. Forms the replication fork by breaking hydrogen bonds between nucleotide pairs in DNA.
Primase
The polymerase doesn’t know where to start so the Primase has to make a primer to tell polymerase where to work. (The primer is RNA)
DNA Polymerase
Replicates DNA to build a new strand of DNA
Ligase
Bonds the DNA fragments together
