Exam 1

Question 1

Maximalist approach

Answer 1

tendency to emphasize differences between members of different sex groups and view them as qualitatively different

Question 2

Minimalist approach

Answer 2

emphasize similarities between members of different sex groups

Question 3

Gender diagnosticity (GD) Score

Answer 3

estimated probability that an individual is male or female given the individuals gender related interests

(eg. GD score of .85 means the individual has an 85% chance of being male and a 15% chance of being female)

Question 4

Experiment

Answer 4

the researcher manipulates independent variables to see if it causes changes in dependent variables

Question 5

Quasi-experiment

Answer 5

similar to an experiment, but researcher lacks control over one or more manipulations
- test for interaction effects

Question 6

Person-by-treatment design

Answer 6

a quasi-experimental design, a researcher selects people who differ on some participant variable then randomly assigns them to different conditions of an independent variable

Question 7

Ex post facto designs

Answer 7

researchers compare groups of people to see if they differ on a dependent variable of interest.

Question 8

Meta-analysis

Answer 8

qualitative technique for analyzing the results across a set of individual studies

Question 9

Biological determinism

Answer 9

biological differences reflect the natural order of things and we should not meddle with it (women should not try to read maps or learn to read maps)

Question 10

Gender essentialism

Answer 10

men and women are innately different
(it’s not in men’s nature to remember conversations with people)

Question 11

Intersex

Answer 11

individuals where the biological components of sex do not consistently fit either the typical male pattern of the typical female pattern.
About 1-2% cases, babies are born intersex.
Also known as differences of sex development (DSDs)

Question 12

Epigenetics

Answer 12

the study of the biological mechanisms that guide whether or not certain genes get expressed

Question 13

Optimal sex

Answer 13

the binary sex perceived to be the most advantageous to assign a newborn whose genitals appear atypical at birth

Question 14

Gender confirmation procedures

Answer 14

procedures transgender individuals seek to bring physical bodies into alignment with psychological identities

Question 15

Neurosexism

Answer 15

when neuroscience research is interpreted in ways that reinforce gender stereotypes without evidence

Question 16

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 16

explains human thought and behaviour in terms of genetically heritable adaptations that evolved because they helped ancestral humans survive and reproduce

Question 17

Biosocial constructionist theory

Answer 17

explaining how biological differences between women and men lead to sex-based labour divisions in society

Question 18

Natural selection

Answer 18

evolutionary process by which heritable features that increase the likelihood of an organisms survival get passed down through genes

Question 19

Sexual selection

Answer 19

evolutionary process by which heritable features that increase the likelihood of successful mating get passed down through genes

Question 20

Intrasexual selection

Answer 20

the process where heritable features get passed down because they give an animal a competitive advantage in contests against same sex animals for access to mates

Question 21

Intersexual selection

Answer 21

the process by which heritable features get passed down because they give an animal an advantage by increasing its attractiveness to other-sex mates

Question 22

Social learning theories

Answer 22

children learn gendered beliefs, behaviour, and preferences by observing and imitating models and by receiving reinforcement and punishment

Question 23

Cognitive theories

Answer 23

theories proposing that children learn gender by progressing through a series of cognitive stages

Question 24

Epigenetic marks

Answer 24

structures that activate or deactivate genes, influenced by environment

Question 25

Gonads

Answer 25

sex organs that produce sex cells and hormones Resulting Phenotypic female or phenotypic male

Question 26

Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS)

Answer 26

- Body does not respond to influence of androgens (due to receptor on X chromosome) - Most disruptive for genetic males — born with testes and external female genitalia (never masculinized) - Female-appearing so usually raised female and identify as female - Infertile; cannot menstruate - Surgery to remove gonadal tissue that is often under developed

Question 27

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)

Answer 27

Adrenal gland malfunctions – high prenatal exposure to male hormones - CAH girls (XX) – have ovaries and masculinized genitals Feminization surgery in infancy More male-typical gender identity than non-CAH girls - CAH boys (XY) – enlarged genitalia, early puberty Higher risk for testicular cancer, require early screenings

Question 28

Gender Schema Theory

Answer 28

Gender schemas (mental networks of information about gender) guide how people interpret, process, and remember new gender relevant information

Question 29

Communion

Answer 29

dimension reflecting traits such as warmth, connectedness, and kindness - women are stereotyped as high on communion

Question 30

Agency

Answer 30

dimension reflecting traits such as competence, assertiveness, and competitiveness - men are usually stereotyped as higher on agency

Question 31

Stereotype content model

Answer 31

theory that stereotypes about social groups fall along communion and agency dimensions

Question 32

Protype

Answer 32

the most typical representation of a category (eg. stereotypes of men and women evoke images of white men and white women. Stereotypes about black people evoke images of black men)

Question 33

Gender prescriptions

Answer 33

traits people believe women and men should have "Women should be good with children”

Question 34

Gender proscriptions

Answer 34

trait people believe women and men should not have “Women should not be aggressive”

Question 35

Stereotype threat

Answer 35

Anxiety individuals feel when concerned that their behaviour or performance might confirm a negative group stereotype

Question 36

sexual selection

Answer 36

process by which heritable features that increase likelihood of successful mating get passed down through genes

Question 37

parental investment theory

Answer 37

the member of the species who invests more in parenting (usually females) will generally be more selective when choosing mates because they have more to lose from bad choices

Question 38

Social role theory

Answer 38

gender stereotypes stem from people’s observations of women and men performing particular social and occupational roles - Key is division of labor in societies across cultures and times