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EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Phases of the ovarian cycle

A

Luteal & Follicular

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2
Q

Which portion of the ovary houses the oocytes (except in the mare)?

A

Cortex

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3
Q

Where does ovulation occur in the mare?

A

Ovulation fossa

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4
Q

Which stage of follicular development would you find squamous cells surrounding the follicle?

A

Primordial

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5
Q

Which layer of the antral follicle produces estrogen and inhibin?

A

Granulosa

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6
Q

Characteristics of the ampulla in the oviduct

A

Ciliated columnar cells, over 1/2 of entire oviduct, & large in diameter

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7
Q

True or false? Vagina is very active secretory organ

A

True

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8
Q

Which species is the semen deposited into the cervix deeper than others?

A

Sow

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9
Q

What are the three main functions of the epididymis?

A

Maturation of spermatozoa, storage of spermatozoa, & trickle function

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10
Q

In the species discussed in this course, the temperature gradient between core body temperature and the testes must be __________ for successful spermatogenesis.

A

4-6 degrees C

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11
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A

Vasculature, lymphatics, nerves, ductus deferens, cremaster muscle, pampiniform plexus, & testicular artery

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of heat transfer in the pampiniform plexus?

A

Counter-current heat exchange

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13
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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14
Q

What is the function of the blood-testis barrier?

A

Prevents the immune system from attacking the spermatozoa

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15
Q

Where is the spermatozoa ejaculated from?

A

Tail of the epididymis

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16
Q

What must happen for the sperm tail in order to fertilize the ovum?

A

Must shed the cytoplasmic droplet

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17
Q

Where is the LH site?

A

Leydig cells

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18
Q

What is the function of LH?

A

Testosterone production

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19
Q

Where is the FSH site?

A

Sertoli cells

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20
Q

What is the function of FSH?

A

Spermatogenesis

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21
Q

How is the blood-testis barrier accomplished?

A

Tight junctions of Sertoli cells and peritubular cells

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22
Q

How are old spermatozoa removed from the body?

A

Trickle of out of the epididymis and vas deferens and flushed out with urine

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23
Q

What is the typical storage capacity (in days of production) of the tail of the epididymis?

A

4-8 days

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24
Q

How do the sperm cells move through the male reproductive tract?

A

Smooth muscle contractions of various ducts

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25
Another name for the paramesonephric ducts
Mullerian
26
What is sexual differentiation regulated by and on what chromosome?
SRY gene; Y chromosome
27
Epithelial cords eventually become?
Seminiferous tubules
28
In the female, the Mullerian ducts eventually become?
The cervix, oviducts, uterus, & vagina
29
Which cells secrete the anti-mullerian hormone?
Sertoli cells
30
During female differentiation, which structures regress?
Epithelial cords, mesonephric tubules, & mesonephric ducts
31
What was the first domestic animal to be A.I.'d?
A dog
32
What is the fate of most oocytes and spermatozoa's?
Death
33
What is the ultimate goal of reproduction?
A live birth
34
Most follicles are...
Quiescent
35
Another name for the antral follicle if it grows into a pre-ovulatory follicle (if the egg ovulates)
Graafian follicle
36
Three layers of the antral follicles
Theca externa, Theca interna, & Granulosa
37
Which cells produce estrogen, inhibin, and follicular fluid?
Granulosa cells
38
First section of the oviduct
Infundibulum
39
Second section of the oviduct
Ampulla
40
Third section of the oviduct
Isthmus
41
Specific site of fertilization
Ampullary-isthmic junction
42
Muscularis = ?
Myometrium
43
Mucosa & Submucosa = ?
Endometrium
44
Serosa = ?
Perimetrium
45
How does mucus change from gestation to partition?
Tacky/thick mucus to slimy
46
What are the functions of vaginal mucus?
Protection from micro bacteria with thick mucus; protects vagina during copulation
47
How long is sperm stored in the tail of the epididymis?
4-8 days
48
What happens to all of the "dead" sperm
Gradual “trickle” of spermatozoa out of epididymal tail through vas deferens, and into the urethra; will be flushed out with urination
49
Ductus deferens function
Sperm transport tube
50
Where is the spermatic cord located?
Extends from the inguinal ring to the top of the testis
51
Function of the pampiniform plexus
Creates a countercurrent heat exchange
52
What is the function of the cremaster muscle?
Regulate the temperature of the testis by raising and lowering them; pumps the blood back up into the body
53
Function of the seminiferous tubules
Sperm production; Sertoli cells control spermatogenesis; Under the control of FSH
54
Function of the Leydig cells
Under the control of LH; Controls testosterone production
55
Function of the blood-testis barrier
Prevents the destruction of spermatozoa from the immune system
56
Function of the epididymis
Storage, maturation, trickle
57
What is seminal plasma?
Not required for fertility; Added to the sperm cells during ejactulation; adds nutrients and buffers to the sperm
58
What gland has control of testosterone?
Bulbourethral gland
59
Where does the gel fraction of ejaculate come from?
The bulbourethral glands
60
What does the corpus cavernosum do?
Primarily engorges with blood during ejaculation
61
What layer of inner cell mass gives rise to the repro system?
Mesoderm
62
Anterior pituitary gland
Adenohypophysis (originates from roof of embryos mouth, stomodeal ectoderm, rathkes pouch)
63
Posterior pituitary gland
Neurohypophysis (originates from infundibulum 3rd ventricle)
64
What is the SRY gene?
The sex-determining region of the Y chromosome (determines if the embryo/fetus is male or female)
65
Gubernaculum is derived from...
The peritoneum
66
What is cryptorchidism?
Failure of one or both testes to descend through the inguinal canal
67
What causes freemartins?
Female is exposed to testosterone and anti-mullerian hormone from male
68
What produces oxytocin, where is it housed and secreted?
The hypothalamus produces oxytocin, and the posterior pituitary stores and secretes it
69
What is the hypothalami-hypophyseal portal system?
Prevents the pituitary from diluting GnRH
70
True or false? The ovary is quiescent throughout its life and does not change much.
False
71
What suspends the non-pregnant mammalian reproductive tract is suspended in the body?
Broad ligament
72
If an ovary has a functioning, growing follicle present, it will not have a functioning ___ present
Corpus luteum
73
One of the functions of a CL is to produce ___, which in turn maintains pregnancy.
Progesterone
74
What is the most immature stage of folliculogenesis?
Primordial follicle
75
A pre-ovulatory follicle has ___ distinct cell layers
3
76
What are the velvety, finger-like projections on the infundibulum of the oviduct called?
Fimbriae
77
What is the specific term for the muscular layers of the uterus?
Myometrium
78
Which structure is carrying the "hot" blood to the testes?
Testicular artery
79
Why would the developing spermatozoa be identified as foreign by the immune system?
Meiosis; do not recognize haploid cells
80
Spermatozoa are ejaculated from which part of the epididymis?
Distal region
81
Where is adenohypophysis from?
Rathkes pouch; originates from the roof of the embryo's mouth
82
Where is neurohypophysis from?
Originates from the infundibulum/brain floor
83
The SRY gene is found on which chromosome?
The Y chromosome
84
What is the name of the ligament that assists with testicular descent?
Gubernaculum
85
Where do the oviduct, uterus, cervix, and caudal vagina develop from?
Paramesonephric ducts
86
Function of progesterone
Helps with pregnancy; is produced by the CL
87
What does prostaglandin do?
Kills the CL (Lutylase)
88
What does the sella turcica do?
Protects both anterior and posterior pituitary glands
89
What is the female's mucus like during estrus?
Slimy & stringy
90
What is the female's mucus like during gestation/pregnancy?
Thick; keeps things out
91
What is the function of the prostate gland?
Cleanses the urethra prior to ejaculation
92
Another name for bulbourethral gland
Cowper's gland
93
When is testicular descent in most species?
2 or 3rd trimester (depends on species)
94
When are you able to determine the sex of the fetus?
2/3 of the way through the first trimester
95
What do sex cords differentiate into?
Primordial follicle cells
96
During female differentiation, what does the bulk of the genital ridge become?
The ovary
97
Both male and female reproductive tracts are ?
Retroperitoneal
98
What do the gential folds become?
The broad ligament
99
A heifer that is born with a twin bull is
Infertile
100
Freemartin heifers are infertile because...
They were exposed to testosterone and anti-mullarian hormone
101
If P4 concentrations are high, what structure(s) is present on the ovary?
CL
102
True or False? The percentage of sperm cells produced that actually fertilize an ova is extremely small.
True
103
Name a domestic animal specie that does not have a pendulous scrotum:
Dog
104
What is NOT a male reproductive accessory gland?
Sweat
105
List a domesticated species with a bicornuate uterus:
Horse/Mare
106
What is follicular growth called?
Folliculogenesis
107
What kind of cells do primordial follicles have?
Squamous cells
108
What kind of cells do primary cells have?
Cuboid cells
109
What is a Duplex uterus?
Has two cervices; Each horn is a separate compartment
110
What is a Bicornuate uterus?
Has two uterine horns and a small body; Both internal and external uterine bifurcation
111
What is a Simplex uterus?
A single uterine body; Almost complete fusion of paramesonephric ducts
112
There is a high degree of tone when...
Estrogen levels are high (except in the mare)
113
True or False? Ruminants have carnuncles, and the Sow and Mare do NOT have carnuncles.
True
114
The queen's uterus has ___, which are the sites of the previous attachment
Placental "scars"
115
The cervix is ...
Thick-walled & cartilaginous
116
In the sow, the boar's penis is ___ into the cervix during copulation
"Locked"

AN S 331 (2 decks)

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