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Vertebrate Zoology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

amnionotes

A

adapted for life on land, series of membranes (3 generated by embryo, 1 maternally driven - yolk), ex. birds, reptiles, mammals

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2
Q

sauropsids

A

classes reptilia and aves

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3
Q

synapsids

A

class mammalia

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4
Q

anamniotes

A

gelatinous membrane covered eggs (comes from mother’s repro tract, embryo does not make membranes), still have yolk from mom, need to be in water or somewhere with moisture, shorter time spent in eggs, born in incomplete state, ex. amphibians, fish

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5
Q

agnatha

A

without jaw - hagfish, lampreys

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6
Q

geological timescale

A

COSDCPTJCTQ - call out sick deborah cause party tonight jack’s coming to quebec
6-3-2: PMC - post mortem certificate
paleozoic:
cambrian
ordovician
silurian
devonian
carboniferous
permian
mesozoic:
triassic
jurassic
cretaceous
cenzoic:
tertiary
quarternary

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7
Q

during which period did the first fish appear?

A

cambrian

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8
Q

during which period did fish diversify?

A

devonian

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9
Q

in which period did birds appear?

A

jurassic

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10
Q

in which period did birds diversify?

A

tertiary

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11
Q

in which period did amphibians arise?

A

devonian

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12
Q

in which period did amphibians diversify?

A

carboniferous

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13
Q

in which period did reptiles arise?

A

carboniferous

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14
Q

in which period did reptiles diversify?

A

permian

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15
Q

mass extinction events in order of worst to least worst

A
  1. permian (worst) - 96% of all life perished, large quantities of CO2 and methane warmed the planet
  2. late triassic - 80% life lost, including most mammals
  3. late devonian - 75% life lost
  4. late creatceous - 60-76% life lost, wiped out the dinosaurs, asteroid
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16
Q

define evolution

A

change in allele frequency in a population across generation

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17
Q

define speciation

A

adaptive radiation, formation of new species

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18
Q

4 mechanisms of evolution - describe + example

A
  1. selection - allele frequency change,
  2. mutation - fast allele change
  3. migration - gene flow leads to allele frequency change
    ex. water snakes going to island
  4. genetic drift - stochastic events occurs - chance event that changes allele frequency
    ex. humans stomping on green bugs
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19
Q

3 different types of selection

A
  1. directional - population characteristics shift in one direction
  2. stabilizing - middle ground characteristic takes precedence
  3. disruptive - shift into 2 different alleles, might cause speciation
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20
Q

natural selection

A

environment is doing the selecting

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21
Q

interselection

A

opposite sex in doing the selecting, ex. male peacocks with pretty feathers selected because it appeals to females

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22
Q

intraselection

A

you own sex is doing the selecting, result of some conflict between members of the same sex, ex. male conflict

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23
Q

2 major ingredients for evolution and speciation to occur

A
  1. genetic variability
  2. isolation
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24
Q

2 major types of speciation

A
  1. allopatric speciation - geographic isolation, physical barrier that makes gene flow impossible
  2. sympatric speciation - some other types of isolation; ecological, temporal (fertile at different times), mutation-induced isolation
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25
Q

evidence for evolution

A
  1. fossil record - filled with transition fossils throughout geological time
  2. anatomy - homologous and vestigial structures
  3. convergence - unrelated species in similar environments take similar forms because they are adapting to similar selection pressures
  4. embryology - anatomy of developing organisms all have similar patterns/stages of development
  5. biogeography - explains organism distribution patterns, island biogeography (species that become isolated on island show strong similarities but also noticeable differences from mainland relatives)
  6. molecular biology - similar regions of DNA, similar organisms have more similar regions
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26
Q

homology

A

similarity derived from a common origin

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27
Q

misconceptions about evolution

A
  1. it’s just a theory
  2. individuals evolve
  3. organisms evolve on purpose
  4. evolution has a goal/direction
  5. species get better over time
  6. evolution always occurs slowly
  7. other theories are equally viable
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28
Q

plesiomorphy

A

an ancestral character, not derived in the ingroup

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29
Q

synapomorphy

A

a shared derived character

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30
Q

apomorphy

A

a derived character not shared among any species (found in one species)

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31
Q

monophyly

A

group with ancestor and all descendents

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32
Q

paraphyly

A

group with ancestor and some but not all descendents

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33
Q

polyphyly

A

group with some but not all descendents, no common ancestor

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34
Q

homoplasies

A

similar/analogous traits due to convergence or reversal, opposite of homologies

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35
Q

how does water’s high heat conductivity affect marine organisms?

A

organisms that are warmer than their surroundings will lose heat 25 times faster in water than in air

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36
Q

homeotherms/endotherms

A

homeo- has the ability to regulate its internal temp
endo - produces heat from its body

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37
Q

poikilotherms/ectotherms

A

ecto - outside heat
poikilo - not regulating your body temp, depends on outside temp

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38
Q

how does the high density of water affect marine organisms?

A

high density and pressure supports weight and structure of animal’s body - do not need overly dense, weight-bearing skeletons, can grow larger because impacts of gravity are lesser - fewer energy constraints

39
Q

water’s oxygen content ___ with increasing depth and temperature

A

decreases

40
Q

why is oxygen content lower in warm water?

A

warm water = faster oxygen molecules = some evaporate
colder water holds more oxygen because the molecules are slower

41
Q

eutrophication

A

cyanobacteria blooms from fertilizer runoff block sun and oxygen from reaching past surface levels, plankton and plant species die, aerobic bacteria growth soars, depleting oxygen, animals suffocate and die - creates more bacteria growth –> dead zones

42
Q

large amount of animal waste and oxygen content

A

large amount of hippos = lots of poop = aerobic bacteria growth = oxygen depleted = animals suffocate and die = more bacteria growth = more O2 depletion = massive fish kills

43
Q

if oxygen is readily available in the water of a particular aquatic environment, __ are commonly used

A

gills

44
Q

gills

A

specialized structures where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged

45
Q

how many chambers in fish heart

A

2

46
Q

buccopharyngeal pumping (aka opercular pumping)

A

fish moves water in mouth, over gills, and out gill chamber, no swimming req

47
Q

ram ventilation

A

fish moves through water, water moves in mouth, over gills, and out gill chamber, fish must be swimming

48
Q

oxygenation of blood happens at the __

A

gills

49
Q

most fish use __ at rest and __ when actively swimming

A

bucco, ram vent

50
Q

sharks can only use

A

ram vent, have to be swimming, no opercula, just gill slits

51
Q

lamellae

A

comb like structures that increase surface area, sites of gas exchange

52
Q

is oxygen is routinely scarce within the water of a particular aquatic environment, __ may be used

A

lung and/or ABOs (in species that have them)

53
Q

why would oxygen be routinely scarce in an aquatic environment?

A

warm temp, stagnant, abundant decomposing matter, abundant algae and plant growth at surface

54
Q

explanations for evolution of lungs and ABOs

A

a. species with lungs and other ABOs evolved in anoxic swamps
b. lungs evolved in active species that lived in oxygen rich waters and increased O2 supply to heart

55
Q

lungs evolved __ tetrapods

A

earlier than

56
Q

lungs

A

complex sac like structures subdivided into many small air sacs for increased surface area

57
Q

tidal vent

A

in and out same orifice

58
Q

flow through vent

A

in one orifice, out the other

59
Q

facultative

A

use gills when oxygen is plentiful, use lungs when oxygen is scarce

60
Q

obligatory

A

can only use lungs or ABOs because gills are so poorly developed, will drown is they cannot gulp air

61
Q

buccal cavity

A

some species have highly vascularized buccal cavity (mouth) and have numerous folds and projections. gasses diffuse across mouth lining, electric eels are obligate mouth breathing air gulpers

62
Q

intestines

A

some species gulp air at surface, swallow air bubble, passes to intestines, highly vascularized intestines function as respiratory membrane over which supplementary gas exchange occurs, residual air bubble expelled out cloaca

63
Q

labyrinth organs

A

posterodorsal opercular chamber, mazes of tiny membrane lined folded bones, highly vascularized, air sucked into mouth and directed towards labyrinth, gasses diffuse across membranes

64
Q

how does increased salinity change buoyancy?

A

inc salinity = inc density = inc buoyancy

65
Q

how does decreased salinity change buoyancy?

A

dec salinity = dec density = dec buoyancy

66
Q

how does decreased temp change buoyancy?

A

inc density = inc buoyancy

67
Q

how does inc temp change buoyancy?

A

dec density = dec buoyancy

68
Q

did lungs or swim bladders appear first?

A

lungs

69
Q

who does not have swim bladders

A

agnathans, chondrichthyans, sarcopterygians, benthic actinopterygians

70
Q

two types of swim bladders

A
  1. physostomous - open
  2. physoclistic - closed
71
Q

physostomous swim bladder

A

open, common in shallow water fish, air gulped at water’s surface goes in and out pneumatic duct to adjust buoyancy, air enters when it is gulped and swallowed, air exits when it is burped out of the air bubble and out of the mouth, primitive condition

72
Q

physyclostic swim bladder

A

closed, common in deep water fish, no pneumatic duct and no need to gulp air at surface, more advanced, O2 absorbed by gills is secreted from circulatory system into bladder via rete mirabile (web of capillaries) and gas gland (inflates bladder), O2 gets released back into circulatory sytsem via ovale (deflates)

73
Q

which group of fish has larger swim bladder

A

freshwater - water is less dense due to salinity, need to adjust buoyancy more

74
Q

what species have lost their swim bladder over time?

A

flounder - benthic fish that doesn’t need to change its buoyancy
tuna - constantly moving, can adjust position with fin movements

75
Q

nasal sac

A

sac lined with olfactory epithelium, nerve endings in olfactory epithelium communicate smells to brain via olfactory nerve (CN 1)

76
Q

non-septate

A

no wall in nasalsac

77
Q

lamprey olfaction

A

1 blind nasal passage that leads to nasal sac and NHP pouch

78
Q

hagfish olfaction

A

1 nasal passage that leads to nasal sac, NHP duct, throat, eventually gill slits

79
Q

some body fish olfaction

A

2 (L+R, 2 nostrils total) blind bidirectional nasal sacs with one nostril per each sac (non sepatate, non choanate nasal sacs)

80
Q

most bony and cartilaginous fish nasal sac

A

two unidirectional nasal passages on each side (4 nostrils total) that lead into and out of nasal sacs via incurrent and excurrent nostrils (septate, non-choanate nasal sacs)

81
Q

lungfish olfaction

A

unidirectional nasal passage on each side (2 total) that lead into and out of nasal sacs via external and internal nares (choanate nasal sac)

82
Q

taste buds can be found

A

mouth, barbels, around head, anterior fins, all over body

83
Q

fish have __ ears but no __ or __ ears

A

inner, external, middle

84
Q

hearing in chondrichthyans and osteichthyans

A

sound waves travel to inner ear via skin and skull, primitive condition

85
Q

osteichthyans

A

body fish (sarco+actino)

86
Q

hearing in osteichthyans with swim bladders

A

sound waves vibrate bladder, bladder acts like resonance chamber, vibrations transmitted to inner ear via small bones (weberian ossicles), more advanced

87
Q

no cochlea for hearing, but do have __

A

hair cell lined, fluid filled otolithic organs for hearing and balance

88
Q

saccule

A

sound/vibration detection

89
Q

utricle

A

vestibular function, connected directly to semicircular canals

90
Q

olfactory nerve

A

CN 1

91
Q

statoacoustic nerve

A

CN VIII

92
Q

fish have clusters of hair cells (neuromast organs) that can be found

A

within canals under skin, exposed with skin depression, exposed on skin surface

93
Q

lateral line system

A

also found in amphibian larvae and neotenic amphibians (remain in larval stage), any water disturbance causes water displacement, causes fine currents of water to flow into neuromast organs, disturb/move gelatinous substance sovereign apical surfaces of hair cells (cupula), bends hairs on hair cells, transmit info about disturbance to brain via afferent neurons, signals from brain via efferent neurons can adjust sensitivity

94
Q

ampullae of lorenzini

A

flask shaped, pit like organs that sense electricity, located on head near mouth, filled with electrically conductive gel that conducts currents from water at pore opening to modified hair cells in ampulla, convert electrical currents in gel to nerve impulses, transmit to brain via afferent neurons (no efferent innervation)

Vertebrate Zoology (1 decks)

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