Exam 1 Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
amnionotes
A
adapted for life on land, series of membranes (3 generated by embryo, 1 maternally driven - yolk), ex. birds, reptiles, mammals
2
Q
sauropsids
A
classes reptilia and aves
3
Q
synapsids
A
class mammalia
4
Q
anamniotes
A
gelatinous membrane covered eggs (comes from mother’s repro tract, embryo does not make membranes), still have yolk from mom, need to be in water or somewhere with moisture, shorter time spent in eggs, born in incomplete state, ex. amphibians, fish
5
Q
agnatha
A
without jaw - hagfish, lampreys
6
Q
geological timescale
A
COSDCPTJCTQ - call out sick deborah cause party tonight jack’s coming to quebec
6-3-2: PMC - post mortem certificate
paleozoic:
cambrian
ordovician
silurian
devonian
carboniferous
permian
mesozoic:
triassic
jurassic
cretaceous
cenzoic:
tertiary
quarternary
7
Q
during which period did the first fish appear?
A
cambrian
8
Q
during which period did fish diversify?
A
devonian
9
Q
in which period did birds appear?
A
jurassic
10
Q
in which period did birds diversify?
A
tertiary
11
Q
in which period did amphibians arise?
A
devonian
12
Q
in which period did amphibians diversify?
A
carboniferous
13
Q
in which period did reptiles arise?
A
carboniferous
14
Q
in which period did reptiles diversify?
A
permian
15
Q
mass extinction events in order of worst to least worst
A
- permian (worst) - 96% of all life perished, large quantities of CO2 and methane warmed the planet
- late triassic - 80% life lost, including most mammals
- late devonian - 75% life lost
- late creatceous - 60-76% life lost, wiped out the dinosaurs, asteroid
16
Q
define evolution
A
change in allele frequency in a population across generation
17
Q
define speciation
A
adaptive radiation, formation of new species
18
Q
4 mechanisms of evolution - describe + example
A
- selection - allele frequency change,
- mutation - fast allele change
- migration - gene flow leads to allele frequency change
ex. water snakes going to island - genetic drift - stochastic events occurs - chance event that changes allele frequency
ex. humans stomping on green bugs
19
Q
3 different types of selection
A
- directional - population characteristics shift in one direction
- stabilizing - middle ground characteristic takes precedence
- disruptive - shift into 2 different alleles, might cause speciation
20
Q
natural selection
A
environment is doing the selecting
21
Q
interselection
A
opposite sex in doing the selecting, ex. male peacocks with pretty feathers selected because it appeals to females
22
Q
intraselection
A
you own sex is doing the selecting, result of some conflict between members of the same sex, ex. male conflict
23
Q
2 major ingredients for evolution and speciation to occur
A
- genetic variability
- isolation
24
Q
2 major types of speciation
A
- allopatric speciation - geographic isolation, physical barrier that makes gene flow impossible
- sympatric speciation - some other types of isolation; ecological, temporal (fertile at different times), mutation-induced isolation
25
evidence for evolution
1. fossil record - filled with transition fossils throughout geological time
2. anatomy - homologous and vestigial structures
3. convergence - unrelated species in similar environments take similar forms because they are adapting to similar selection pressures
4. embryology - anatomy of developing organisms all have similar patterns/stages of development
5. biogeography - explains organism distribution patterns, island biogeography (species that become isolated on island show strong similarities but also noticeable differences from mainland relatives)
6. molecular biology - similar regions of DNA, similar organisms have more similar regions
26
homology
similarity derived from a common origin
27
misconceptions about evolution
1. it's just a theory
2. individuals evolve
3. organisms evolve on purpose
4. evolution has a goal/direction
5. species get better over time
6. evolution always occurs slowly
7. other theories are equally viable
28
plesiomorphy
an ancestral character, not derived in the ingroup
29
synapomorphy
a shared derived character
30
apomorphy
a derived character not shared among any species (found in one species)
31
monophyly
group with ancestor and all descendents
32
paraphyly
group with ancestor and some but not all descendents
33
polyphyly
group with some but not all descendents, no common ancestor
34
homoplasies
similar/analogous traits due to convergence or reversal, opposite of homologies
35
how does water's high heat conductivity affect marine organisms?
organisms that are warmer than their surroundings will lose heat 25 times faster in water than in air
36
homeotherms/endotherms
homeo- has the ability to regulate its internal temp
endo - produces heat from its body
37
poikilotherms/ectotherms
ecto - outside heat
poikilo - not regulating your body temp, depends on outside temp
38
how does the high density of water affect marine organisms?
high density and pressure supports weight and structure of animal's body - do not need overly dense, weight-bearing skeletons, can grow larger because impacts of gravity are lesser - fewer energy constraints
39
water's oxygen content ___ with increasing depth and temperature
decreases
40
why is oxygen content lower in warm water?
warm water = faster oxygen molecules = some evaporate
colder water holds more oxygen because the molecules are slower
41
eutrophication
cyanobacteria blooms from fertilizer runoff block sun and oxygen from reaching past surface levels, plankton and plant species die, aerobic bacteria growth soars, depleting oxygen, animals suffocate and die - creates more bacteria growth --> dead zones
42
large amount of animal waste and oxygen content
large amount of hippos = lots of poop = aerobic bacteria growth = oxygen depleted = animals suffocate and die = more bacteria growth = more O2 depletion = massive fish kills
43
if oxygen is readily available in the water of a particular aquatic environment, __ are commonly used
gills
44
gills
specialized structures where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
45
how many chambers in fish heart
2
46
buccopharyngeal pumping (aka opercular pumping)
fish moves water in mouth, over gills, and out gill chamber, no swimming req
47
ram ventilation
fish moves through water, water moves in mouth, over gills, and out gill chamber, fish must be swimming
48
oxygenation of blood happens at the __
gills
49
most fish use __ at rest and __ when actively swimming
bucco, ram vent
50
sharks can only use
ram vent, have to be swimming, no opercula, just gill slits
51
lamellae
comb like structures that increase surface area, sites of gas exchange
52
is oxygen is routinely scarce within the water of a particular aquatic environment, __ may be used
lung and/or ABOs (in species that have them)
53
why would oxygen be routinely scarce in an aquatic environment?
warm temp, stagnant, abundant decomposing matter, abundant algae and plant growth at surface
54
explanations for evolution of lungs and ABOs
a. species with lungs and other ABOs evolved in anoxic swamps
b. lungs evolved in active species that lived in oxygen rich waters and increased O2 supply to heart
55
lungs evolved __ tetrapods
earlier than
56
lungs
complex sac like structures subdivided into many small air sacs for increased surface area
57
tidal vent
in and out same orifice
58
flow through vent
in one orifice, out the other
59
facultative
use gills when oxygen is plentiful, use lungs when oxygen is scarce
60
obligatory
can only use lungs or ABOs because gills are so poorly developed, will drown is they cannot gulp air
61
buccal cavity
some species have highly vascularized buccal cavity (mouth) and have numerous folds and projections. gasses diffuse across mouth lining, electric eels are obligate mouth breathing air gulpers
62
intestines
some species gulp air at surface, swallow air bubble, passes to intestines, highly vascularized intestines function as respiratory membrane over which supplementary gas exchange occurs, residual air bubble expelled out cloaca
63
labyrinth organs
posterodorsal opercular chamber, mazes of tiny membrane lined folded bones, highly vascularized, air sucked into mouth and directed towards labyrinth, gasses diffuse across membranes
64
how does increased salinity change buoyancy?
inc salinity = inc density = inc buoyancy
65
how does decreased salinity change buoyancy?
dec salinity = dec density = dec buoyancy
66
how does decreased temp change buoyancy?
inc density = inc buoyancy
67
how does inc temp change buoyancy?
dec density = dec buoyancy
68
did lungs or swim bladders appear first?
lungs
69
who does not have swim bladders
agnathans, chondrichthyans, sarcopterygians, benthic actinopterygians
70
two types of swim bladders
1. physostomous - open
2. physoclistic - closed
71
physostomous swim bladder
open, common in shallow water fish, air gulped at water's surface goes in and out pneumatic duct to adjust buoyancy, air enters when it is gulped and swallowed, air exits when it is burped out of the air bubble and out of the mouth, primitive condition
72
physyclostic swim bladder
closed, common in deep water fish, no pneumatic duct and no need to gulp air at surface, more advanced, O2 absorbed by gills is secreted from circulatory system into bladder via rete mirabile (web of capillaries) and gas gland (inflates bladder), O2 gets released back into circulatory sytsem via ovale (deflates)
73
which group of fish has larger swim bladder
freshwater - water is less dense due to salinity, need to adjust buoyancy more
74
what species have lost their swim bladder over time?
flounder - benthic fish that doesn't need to change its buoyancy
tuna - constantly moving, can adjust position with fin movements
75
nasal sac
sac lined with olfactory epithelium, nerve endings in olfactory epithelium communicate smells to brain via olfactory nerve (CN 1)
76
non-septate
no wall in nasalsac
77
lamprey olfaction
1 blind nasal passage that leads to nasal sac and NHP pouch
78
hagfish olfaction
1 nasal passage that leads to nasal sac, NHP duct, throat, eventually gill slits
79
some body fish olfaction
2 (L+R, 2 nostrils total) blind bidirectional nasal sacs with one nostril per each sac (non sepatate, non choanate nasal sacs)
80
most bony and cartilaginous fish nasal sac
two unidirectional nasal passages on each side (4 nostrils total) that lead into and out of nasal sacs via incurrent and excurrent nostrils (septate, non-choanate nasal sacs)
81
lungfish olfaction
unidirectional nasal passage on each side (2 total) that lead into and out of nasal sacs via external and internal nares (choanate nasal sac)
82
taste buds can be found
mouth, barbels, around head, anterior fins, all over body
83
fish have __ ears but no __ or __ ears
inner, external, middle
84
hearing in chondrichthyans and osteichthyans
sound waves travel to inner ear via skin and skull, primitive condition
85
osteichthyans
body fish (sarco+actino)
86
hearing in osteichthyans with swim bladders
sound waves vibrate bladder, bladder acts like resonance chamber, vibrations transmitted to inner ear via small bones (weberian ossicles), more advanced
87
no cochlea for hearing, but do have __
hair cell lined, fluid filled otolithic organs for hearing and balance
88
saccule
sound/vibration detection
89
utricle
vestibular function, connected directly to semicircular canals
90
olfactory nerve
CN 1
91
statoacoustic nerve
CN VIII
92
fish have clusters of hair cells (neuromast organs) that can be found
within canals under skin, exposed with skin depression, exposed on skin surface
93
lateral line system
also found in amphibian larvae and neotenic amphibians (remain in larval stage), any water disturbance causes water displacement, causes fine currents of water to flow into neuromast organs, disturb/move gelatinous substance sovereign apical surfaces of hair cells (cupula), bends hairs on hair cells, transmit info about disturbance to brain via afferent neurons, signals from brain via efferent neurons can adjust sensitivity
94
ampullae of lorenzini
flask shaped, pit like organs that sense electricity, located on head near mouth, filled with electrically conductive gel that conducts currents from water at pore opening to modified hair cells in ampulla, convert electrical currents in gel to nerve impulses, transmit to brain via afferent neurons (no efferent innervation)
