EXAM 1

Question 1

The critical characteristic of the macromolecule from which life evolved:

Answer 1

the ability to replicate itself

Question 2

Two major macromolecules

Answer 2

nucleic acid and protein

Question 3

Only _______ are capable of self Altman and Cechreplication.

Answer 3

nucleic acids

Question 4

Who first discovered that RNA is capable of catalyzing chemical reactions, including the polymerization of nucleotides?

Answer 4

Altman and Cech

Question 5

segments of DNA that encode proteins or RNA.

Answer 5

Genes

Question 6

nucleotide gene sequence is copied into RNA.

Answer 6

Transcription

Question 7

nucleotide sequence of RNA is used to specify the order of amino acids in a protein.

Answer 7

Transcription

Question 8

basic component of all present day membranes

Answer 8

phospholipid

Question 9

hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads

Answer 9

amphipathic

Question 10

glycolysis generates how much ATP

Answer 10

2

Question 11

oxidative metabolism generates how much ATP

Answer 11

36-38

Question 12

Glycolysis evolved when the Earth ’ s atmosphere was:

Answer 12

anaerobic

Question 13

present day prokaryotes

Answer 13

archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria

Question 14

site of oxidative metabolism

Answer 14

mitochondria

Question 15

perform a variety of functions, including digestion of macromolecules and storage of waste products and nutrients

Answer 15

vacuoles

Question 16

functions in processing and transport of proteins and lipid synthesis.

Answer 16

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 17

proteins are further processed and sorted for transport to their final destinations

Answer 17

Golgi apparatus

Question 18

prokaryotic cells living inside the ancestors of eukaryotes

Answer 18

endosymbiosis

Question 19

Evidence of endosymbiosis

Answer 19

Mitochondria and chloroplasts, which both contain their own DNA

Question 20

the simplest eukaryotes

Answer 20

yeasts

Question 21

The amoeba able to Dictyostelium discoideum is able to _____________________ depending on the availability of food.

Answer 21

alternate between unicellular and multicellular forms

Question 22

3 main plant tissues

Answer 22

ground, vascular, dermal

Question 23

form sheets that cover the surface of the body and line internal organs.

Answer 23

Epithelial cells

Question 24

tissues include bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue

Answer 24

connective tissue

Question 25

Loose connective tissue is formed by

Answer 25

fibroblasts

Question 26

4 organic molecules

Answer 26

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Question 27

Hydrogen bonds form between:

Answer 27

polar organic molecules

Question 28

major nutrient of cells

Answer 28

monosaccharide (glucose)

Question 29

polymers of a few sugars.

Answer 29

Oligosaccharides

Question 30

polymers of hundreds or thousands of sugars.

Answer 30

Polysaccharides

Question 31

sugars are linked by

Answer 31

glycosidic bond

Question 32

storage of glucose in animal cells.

Answer 32

gylcogen

Question 33

storage of glucose in plants

Answer 33

starch

Question 34

Both glycogen and starch are composed entirely of glucose molecules in the

Answer 34

α configuration

Question 35

cellulose configuration

Answer 35

Glucose in β configuration.

Question 36

Lipids have three main roles:

Answer 36

energy storage, membranes, cell signaling

Question 37

long hydrocarbon chains (16 or 18 carbons) with a carboxyl group (COO–) at one end.

Answer 37

fatty acids

Question 38

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 38

1 or more double bonds

Question 39

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 39

no double bonds

Question 40

______ are more efficient energy storage than ________, yielding more than twice as much energy per weight of material broken down.

Answer 40

Fats ; carbohydrates

Question 41

2 fatty acids: bound to two carbons in glycerol

Answer 41

Glycerol phospholipids

Question 42

the only nonglycerol phospholipid in cell membranes

Answer 42

Sphingomyelin

Question 43

two hydrocarbon chains and a carbohydrate polar head group

Answer 43

glycolipids

Question 44

four hydrophobic hydrocarbon rings and a polar hydroxyl (OH) group

Answer 44

Cholesterol

Question 45

(e.g., estrogens and testosterone) are derivatives of cholesterol and act as messengers

Answer 45

steroid hormones

Question 46

consist of purine and pyrimidine bases linked to phosphorylated sugars

Answer 46

nucleotides

Question 47

bonds between the 5′ phosphate of one nucleotide and the 3′ hydroxyl of another.

Answer 47

phosphodiester

Question 48

The bases in DNA are linked to sugars to form

Answer 48

nucleosides

Question 49

Polynucleotides are always synthesized in the

Answer 49

5′ to 3′ direction.

Question 50

the most diverse of all macromolecules.

Answer 50

proteins

Question 51

Animal cell plasma membranes also contain

Answer 51

glycolipids and cholesterol

Question 52

two classes of membrane proteins

Answer 52

peripheral and integral