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exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

macromolecules and cellular function: fuels

A

carbs, lipids, proteins

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2
Q

macromolecules and cellular function: energy stores

A

carbs, lipids, proteins

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3
Q

macromolecules and cellular function: structural molecules

A

carbs, lipids, proteins

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4
Q

macromolecules and cellular function: facilitation of chemical reactions

A

proteins (enzymes)

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5
Q

macromolecules and cellular function: cellular movement

A

proteins

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6
Q

macromolecules and cellular function: storage, transmission, interpretation of genetic info

A

nucleic acids

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7
Q

macromolecules and cellular function: chemical signals

A

proteins, lipids (steroids)

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8
Q

bond between monosaccharides to form polysaccharide

A

glycosidic linkage

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9
Q

adipocytes

A

special cells in which animals can store energy lipids

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10
Q

bond between glycerol and fatty acids to form triglyceride

A

ester linkage

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11
Q

structure of phospholipid (head down)

A

choline, phosphate, glycerol, fatty acids

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12
Q

bond between amino acids to form polypeptide

A

peptide bond

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13
Q

structure of amino acids

A

alpha carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, R group

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14
Q

bonds found in proteins to allow complex folding

A

ionic bonds (+/- side chains), H bonds (polar side chains), hydrophobicity (side chains away from water), van der Waal’s forces (neighboring groups), covalent disulfide bonds (-SH side chains)

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15
Q

bond between nucleotides to make nucleic acids (polynucleotides)

A

linked by phosphate group and pentose sugar

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16
Q

nucleotide vs nucleoside

A

nucleoside has no phosphate group

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17
Q

magnification

A

ratio of size of image of object and its actual size

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18
Q

resolution

A

shortest distance between 2 points that can be differentiated

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19
Q

immunocytochemistry

A

use of antibodies that can detect specific proteins, often combined w fluorescent masker to reveal where cell in specific protein is located

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20
Q

parts of plant cell not in animal cell

A

cell wall, plasmodesmata, chloroplast, central vacuole

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21
Q

parts of animal cell not in plant cell

A

centrosome, flagellum, lysosome

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22
Q

benefits of compartmentalization

A

pH - allows enzymes to function efficiently
ionic gradients - generation of ATP mitochondrion
spatial arrangment of enzymes - allows enzymes to be close to one another if part of same process

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23
Q

cell organelle processes: info storage, processing, execution

24
Q

cell organelle processes: protein, carb, and lipid biosynthesis

Study These Flashcards
A

endomembrane system

25
cell organelle processes: energy storage
lipid and polysaccharide granules (glycogen, starch)
26
cell organelle processes: energy metabolism
chloroplast and mitochondrion
27
cell organelle processes: structural and transport functions
cytoskeleton, plasma membrane
28
plasma membrane
selectively permeable bilayer w proteins in and around it, surrounds all structures of all cells, interface for information reception from outside of cell, maintains rather constant internal environment and distinct chemical and structural environments
29
nucleus
largest organelle, contains most of DNA required for normal cell function, processes instructions that allow a cell to differentiate into one cell type or another, surrounded by nuclear envelope (double folded plasma membrane bounded inside by nuclear lamina, has nuclear pores to allow things in)
30
nucleolus
consists of ribosomes and RNA, site of synthesis of ribosomes
31
chromatin
consists of DNA and its associated proteins (histones and regulatory proteins)
32
endoplasmic reticulum
network of interconnected membrane enclosed sacs throughout cytoplasm, folded into series of tubules (cisternae), internal compartment (lumen) is called cisternal space and has distinct protein and ion composition from rest of cell, important for protein synthesis
33
rough er
has ribosomes attached (synthesize polypeptides), directed to either er's cisternal space (modified to change folding and/or have carb groups added (glycoproteins) to begin protein maturation) or incorporated into er membrane, some proteins are secreted out of the cell, some go to the Golgi apparatus
34
ribosomes
found in cytoplasm, bound to er, and in mitochondria and chloroplasts, they are the sites of protein synthesis
35
smooth er
important reservoir for calcium ions, in liver it is important for synthesis + hydrolysis of glycogen and is the site for drug detoxification, and it synthesizes cholesterol and steroids, also synthesizes phospholipids
36
Golgi apparatus
production and functional maturation of proteins and some polysaccharides, similar structurally to smooth er, stacked discs or sacs (cisternae), receives transport vesicles from rer on its cis face and processed material leaves at trans, it has polarity, two main products are lysosomes and secretory vesicles
37
where do newly synthesized proteins go?
released outside cell, inserted into cell membrane, remain in cytoplasm as soluble proteins, maintain organelle function
38
lysosome
pH 5 environment enzymes for digestion of all major macromolecules, recycle cell organelles through autophagy and digests food brought into cell through phagocytosis
39
mitochondria
can move around cell and divide, has own ribosomes and DNA to synthesize own proteins, found in almost all euk cells, outer smooth membrane and inner membrane with folds (cristae), rest is made up of matrix w enzymes used for cellular respiration
40
chloroplast
can move around cell and divide, has own ribosomes and DNA to synthesize own proteins, responsible for photosynthesis in plants, has double membrane and matrix (stroma), has series of discs (thylakoids) stacked into grana, chlorophyll in thylakoids
41
cytoskeleton
maintains cell chape, provides support and anchoring for organelles, provides mechs for cell and organism movement, provides tracks for motor proteins to move materials and organelles w/in cells, three types: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
42
microtubules (tubulin polymers)
hollow tubes, maintains cell shape, cell motility, chromosome movements in cell division, organelle movements, structural components of cilia and flagella
43
microfilaments (actin filaments)
two intertwined strands of actin, maintains cell shape, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility, cell division
44
intermediate filaments
fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables, maintains cell shape, anchors nucleus and other organelles, forms nuclear lamina
45
centrosome
made up of two perpendicular tubes made of microtubules, important for cell division
46
tight junction
belt around cells, tight junction proteins seal the gaps to prevent loss of fluid and ions
47
desmosome
anchors between cells
48
gap junction
linkage btwn cytoplasmic compartments of two cells, connexon proteins form tube between cells, important for communication
49
gap junction
linkage btwn cytoplasmic compartments of two cells, connexon proteins form tube between cells, important for communication
50
plant cell walls
thin primary, middle sticky lamella, thick and rigid secondary, cellulose is primary component, linked by cytoplasmic bridges (plasmodesmata)
51
functions of membrane proteins
transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
52
contractile vacuole
evolutionary adaptation for osmoregulation
53
central vacuole
maintains turgor in plant cell w osmoregulation
54
molecules that act as signals
amino acids and their derivatives, steroids, peptides, and proteins
55
molecules that act as signals
amino acids and their derivatives, steroids, peptides, and proteins
56
key second messengers
cyclic AMP (G-protein-linked receptors), calcium ions (enter cell through facilitated diffusion or by releasing internal stores, exits cytoplasm out of cell or into mitochondria or into smooth er), and IP3 (can release internal calcium stores by being involved in G-protein-linked receptor cascade w/o cAMP)

Bisc 220 (1 decks)

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