Exam 1 Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Lobe of the brain important for auditory information and language comprehension
A
Temporal
2
Q
Ridge in superior parietal lobe that plays a role in writing
A
Supramarginal Gyrus
3
Q
Groove that separates temporal lobe from the frontal lobe
A
Lateral sulcus
4
Q
Area in the left cerebrum important important for motor movements of speech
A
Broca’s area
5
Q
Separates the two hemispheres of the brain
A
Longitudinal fissure
6
Q
Region between Broca’s and Wernicke’s area that is vital for language functions
A
Zone of Language
7
Q
Lobe of the brain important for perception, pressure, touch, etc
A
Parietal
8
Q
Subcortical structure important for movements and learning
A
Basal ganglia
9
Q
Area in left cerebrum important for written and spoken language comprehension
A
Wernicke’s area
10
Q
Ridge in the temporal lobe important for hearing functions
A
Heschl’s gyrus
11
Q
Groove that separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe
A
Central fissure
12
Q
Ridges on the surface on the brain
A
Gyrus
13
Q
Lobe of the brain that plays the role in motor, speech, and language functions
A
Frontal
14
Q
Lobe of the brain important for vision
A
Occipital
15
Q
Structure that lies behind the brainstem and coordinates muscle movements
A
Cerebellum
16
Q
Ridge located in the parietal lobe and plays role in naming, reading, and writing
A
Angular Gyrus
17
Q
Brain cell, smallest unit of brain
A
Neuron
18
Q
Central part of neuron surrounded by membrane that nutrients can enter
A
Cell body
19
Q
Extensions from cell body
Number ranges from 1 to many
RECEIVES info/impulses
A
Dendrite
20
Q
Long extension from cell body
TRANSMITS info/impulses AWAY from cell body
A
Axons
21
Q
Junctions on axon that help speed up neural transmission
A
Nodes of Ranvier
22
Q
Fatty coating on axon
Provides insulation + helps speed up neural transmission
A
Myelin sheath
23
Q
sends MOTOR signals FROM BRAIN to body (periphery)
A
Efferent neurons
24
Q
sends SENSORY signals FROM BODY (periphery) to brain
A
Afferent neurons
25
Communication between two neurons
Synapse
26
Neuron SENDS signals to next neuron
Presynaptic neuron
27
Neuron RECEIVES signal from previous neuron
Postsynaptic neuron
28
Approximately 30
Includes: Dopamine, Acetylcholine, Serotonin, Adrenaline
Neurotrasmitter
29
End portion of neuron
Axon Terminal
30
Tiny pockets on axons that hold neurotransmitters
Synaptic vesicles
31
Gap between axon terminals (or presynaptic neuron) + dendrite (of postsynaptic neuron)
Synaptic cleft
32
Cluster of neuron with CNS
Nucleus
33
Cluster of neurons within PNS
Ganglion
34
Layer of brain consisting of myelinated neurons. White= fatty sheath
White matter
35
Located in lowest part of brainstem
Medulla
36
Functions: contains CN nuclei for CN VIII through XII. Hearing, tongue and palatal functions, breathing, blood pressure, speech movements
Medulla
37
Location: between medulla and midbrain
Pons
38
Functions: CN V, VI, VII.
Facial movements, hearing, balance
Pons
39
Location: uppermost part of brainstem
Midbrain
40
Functions: CN III, IV
Eye movements, postural reflexes, coordination of visual and auditory reflexes
Midbrain
41
Location: behind brainstem
Outer layer of gray matter; inner layer of white matter
Cerebellum
42
Consists of two large lateral hemispheres
Cerebellum
43
Functions: integration and coordination of muscle tone and cognitive functions
Cerebellum
44
Lesions: Ataxia
(lack of coordination and balance)
Cerebellum
45
Ataxia
Lack of coordination and balance
46
Location: includes the region within the cerebral hemispheres
Consists of diencephalon (thalamus + hypothalamus) and basal ganglia
Subcortical Gray Matter
47
important for sensory information/integration, consciousness, attention, memory. not important for eating and appetite
Thalamus
48
Important for motor control and motor integration
Basal ganglia
49
Important for voluntary movements
Pyramidal system
50
Fine motor control, smooth execution of motor movements
Extrapyramidal
51
Includes corpus callosum, cortico-cortical association fibers, cortico-subcortical connections
Subcortical White Matter
52
Damage leads to problems in integration of received information
Corpus callosum
53
connects left and right hemispheres. important for integration of incoming information and other motor skills.
Corpus callosum
54
fibers that connect right frontal lobe to left frontal lobe, and fibers that connect right parietal lobe to left occipital lobe
Cortico-cortical association fibers
55
Connects Broca's area to Wernicke's area
Arcuate fasciculus
56
Damage results in deficits in speech repetition
Arcuate fasciculus
57
Area in Frontal cortex. Motor movements for speech.
Broca's area
58
Located behind lateral fissure. Function: auditory and language comprehension
Temporal lobe
59
Located in anterior part of brain. Function: motor function including speech and language skills. Landmarks: primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, broca's area
Frontal lobe
60
Primary auditory cortex. Located in temporal lobe.
Heschl's gyrus
61
Located in temporal lobe. SPoken and written language comprehension
Wernicke's area
62
Located behind central sulcus. Function: Somatosensory info (pressure, smell, position in space)
Parietal lobe
63
Located in parietal lobe. Function: writing
Supramarginal gyrus
64
Located in parietal lobe. Function: naming, reading, writing
Angular gyrus
65
Located behind parietal lobe.
Function: vision
Landmarks: primary visual cortex
Occipital lobe
66
Located in areas supplied by middle cerebral artery and includes portions of frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
Posterior boundary: Wernicke's area (temporal lobe)
Major intersection of multiple overlapping neural networks rather than a single unit
Zone of Language
67
Thalamus plays a role in all of the following functions:
memories
eating and appetite
feelings
68
Cluster of nerve cell bodies within the central nervous system
Nucleus
69
Examples of neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin
70
Subcortical white-matter pathway that connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas
Arcuate fasciculus
71
Stores neurotransmitters
Synaptic vesicle
72
Analysis and integration of somatosensory information
Parietal lobe
73
Analysis of incoming auditory information
Temporal lobe
74
Analysis and integration of incoming visual information
Occipital lobe
75
Part of the central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
76
Structure within brainstem most likely associated with functions of hearing and balance
Pons
77
Brainstem includes:
Reflexes including cough and gag reflex
Cranial nerves that control tongue and pharyngeal movements
Cranial nerves that control facial expressions and eye movements
78
Separates temporal lobe from frontal lobe
Sylvian fissure AKA lateral fissure
79
Heschl's gyrus and Wernicke's area are located here
Temporal lobe
80
T/F damage to temporal lobe may cause fluent aphasia
True
81
Functions of limbic system
memories
different emotions related to one's thinking
desire to produce language
82
Includes uncus, hippocampus, and mammillary bodies
Limbic system
83
Zone of language incorporates areas from
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
84
Typically separates the two cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum and median longitudinal fissure
85
Structure within frontal lobe typically associated with initiation of motor activity
Supplementary motor cortex
86
Steps of synaptic transmission
Synthesis---Storage---Release---Receptor interaction--- Inactivation---Reuptake---Degradation
87
Functions of frontal premotor association cortex
Medial frontal area--- initiation of motor activity
Dorsal lateral area--- working memory
Orbital frontal area--- processing of emotions
88
Function of medial frontal area
initiation of motor activity
89
Function of dorsal lateral area
working memory
90
Functions of orbital frontal area
processing of emotions
91
Functions of the basal ganglia
Motor integration
Smooth execution of motor movements
Automatic motor movements
92
Most important lobe for speech and cognitive functions
frontal lobe
93
Number of lumbar nerves
5 pairs
94
Number of thoracic nerves
12 pairs
95
Number of cervical nerves
8 pairs
96
Recent views of cerebral dominance
both hemispheres contribute to different language and non-language functions
97
Prevalence of right and left hemisphere dominance
95% of right-handed people are left hemisphere dominant
70% of left-handed people are left hemisphere dominant
98
Non-fluent aphasias
Relatively good auditory comprehension
Deficits in language expression
99
Fluent aphasias
Deficits in auditory comprehension
Relatively fluent speech
100
Subcortical aphasia
Deficits in both expression and comprehension
Severity may vary across subtypes
101
Mixed aphasia
presence of two or more aphasias at same time
102
Broca's aphasia most commonly affected areas
Left lateral frontal lobe
Pre-Rolandic area (in front of central sulcus)
Suprasylvian region extending into adjacent subcortical areas
103
Isolated loss of ability to articulate words with intact ability for spoken and written language. Possible symptom of Broca's aphasia
Aphemia
104
Non-fluent aphasia with intact repetition skills
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
105
Transcortical Motor Aphasia most commonly affected blood supply
Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)
Anterior branches of middle cerebral artery (MCA)
106
Most severe form of aphasia with a generalized effect on communication skills.
Deficits in both comprehension and expression
Very limited reading and writing skills
Global aphasia
107
Fluent aphasia with deficits in language comprehension
Deficits in understanding individual, isolated spoken words
Wernicke's aphasia
108
Wernicke's aphasia most commonly affected areas
Posterior third of superior temporal gyrus
109
Damage to posterior third of superior temporal gyrus
Wernicke's aphasia
110
Damage to large perisylvian area, extending deep into subjacent white matter
Global aphasia
111
Damage to frontal, suprasylvian, pre-Rolandic, extending into adjacent subcortical periventricular white matter
Broca's aphasia
112
Damage to posterior parieto-temporal, sparing Wernicke's area
Transcortical Sensory aphasia
113
Damage to angular gyrus, second temporal gyrus
Anomic
114
Damage to thalamus, head of caudate nucleus, putamen, or internal capsule
Subcortical aphasia
115
Damage to anterior frontal parmedian; anterior and superior to Broca's area
Transcortical Motor aphasia
116
Damage to supramarginal gyrus and underlying white matter pathways; Wernicke's area; left insula and auditory cortex
Conduction aphasia
