Exam 1 Flashcards
(26 cards)
What important concept in neuroscience did phrenology establish?
correct about localization of function -> different areas have different functions.
he thought that skill shape indicated skill and ability, where it is actually brain areas
Define and give example of somatic intervention
- research that involves manipulating the body to see how behavior is altered
ex: give a hormone, see changes in mating behaviors
cut connections in nervous system, see changes in recognition of stimulus
Define and give example of behavioral intervention
- research that involves manipulating behavior to see how body and brain are effected
ex: put male in presence of female -> change in hormone levels
give training -> anatomical changes in nerve cells
Define and give example of correlation
compares how much a body measure varies with a behavioral measure
- shows an association between variables but doesn’t prove causality
What are the 4 lobes of the brain and what do they specialize in?
Frontal - executive function, personality
Parietal - visuospatial processing
Occipital - visual perception
Temporal - process sounds, manage emotions
What are the 4 zones of the neuron and their corresponding structures?
Input - receive info from other cells through dendrites
Integration - cell body integrates info it receives
Conduction - axon conducts output information away from the cell body as an electrical impulse
Output - axon terminals at the end of the axon send activity to other cells
What are the components of the synapse?
presynaptic membrane - on axon terminal of presynaptic neuron
postsynaptic membrane - on dendrite or cell body of receiving neuron
synaptic cleft - fap that separates the membranes
What is the direction of flow of information across the synapse?
Information is transmitted from the presynaptic neuron to the post synaptic neuron
axon terminal to dendrites
What is the function of myelin?
to increase the speed in which electrical signal pass down the axon
Name the divisions of the autonomic nervous system and the main neurotransmitter each uses
sympathetic nervous system - prepares the body for action
symp - norepinephrine
parasympathetic nervous system - helps the body relax and recuperate
parasymp - acetylcholine
What is the main function of the cerebellum?
motor coordination and control
also participates in cognition and learning
What are the functions associated with basal ganglia
motor control
What are the functions associated with the limbic system
emotion and learning
amygdala - emotional regulation and perception of odor
hippocampus and fornix - learning
cingulate gyrus - attention
olfactory bulb - sense of smell
How has functional neuroimaging been used in scientific research?
1.5
What are the 2 forces driving the movement of ions into and out of a neuron?
diffusion - causes ions to spread towards a uniform concentration, along a concentration gradient
electrostatic pressure - causes ions to flow towards oppositely charged areas
What is the function of the Na+ K+ pump
pumps 3 sodium ions out for every 2 potassium ions pumped in
- potassium ions accumulate inside the cell and diffuse out through the membrane
- negative charge builds up inside cell, exerting electrostatic pressure that pulls potassium ions back in
How does hyperpolarization and depolarization differ, and what ions are involved?
hyperpolarization is an increase in membrane potential - interior of cell becomes more negative
depolarization is a decrease in membrane potential - interior of cell becomes less negative and closer to 0
sodium ions going into the cell cause depolarization
potassium ions restore resting potential
What are the steps from resting potential to action potential
1) Membrane potential at rest
2) depolarizing force brings membrane potential to threshold
3) initiating an action potential (rapid change in membrane polarity)
4) membrane repolarizes to negative membrane potential and overshoots resting potential
5) return to resting potential
How are action potentials propagated across the axon
when depolarization occurs in the axon, voltage gated sodium channels open in that region. inward movement of sodium results in depolarization of the membrane potential generates an action potential at that site. Local current generated flows passively down the axon, depolarizes membrane potential in adjacent regions, opening sodium channels, trigger action potential again, which continues until the end of the axon.
when myelinated, sodium channels and propagation of action potentials occur at nodes of Ranvier.
What are postsynaptic IPSPs?
inhibitory post synaptic potential - a hyperpolarizing potential in the post synaptic membrane that pushes the cell further from an action potential threshold.
- decreases likelihood that action potential will fire
- occurs when chloride ions rush into the cell, making it more negative.
What are postsynaptic EPSPs?
excitatory post synaptic potential - small local depolarizing potential in the postsynaptic membrane that pushes the cell closer to the action potential threshold.
- increases likelihood that action potential will fire
What are the 4 types of neurotransmitters and what are some examples from each category
amino acid neurotransmitters - GABA, glutamate
peptide neurotransmitters - oxytocin, vasopressin
amine neurotransmitters - acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin (excitatory)
gas neurotransmitters - nitric oxide, carbon monoxide
What are the differences between muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors?
both receptors are involved in cholinergic transmission in the cortex
nicotinic receptors are crucial for muscle contractions
muscarinic are metabotrophic (secondary messenger that opens ion channels, slower)
nicotinic are ionotrophic (faster acting, neurotransmitter binds and channel opens)
How do the actions of glutamate and GABA differ?
Glutamate - common excitatory transmitter
GABA - common inhibitory transmitter
