EXAM 1 Flashcards
(274 cards)
1
Q
the main band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
A
Corpus callosum
2
Q
an individual whose corpus callosum has been severed, halting communication between the right and left hemisphere
A
Split brain individuals
3
Q
in anatomy, pertaining to a location on the opposite side of the body
A
Contralateral
4
Q
Which hemisphere is mute?
A
The right hemisphere
5
Q
the simultaneous delivery of different stimuli to the right and left ears at the same time
A
Dichotic presentation
6
Q
a test in which stimuli are very briefly presented to either the left or right visual half field
A
Tachistoscope test
7
Q
an auditory region of the superior temporal cortex – often slightly larger in left hemisphere
A
Planum temporale
8
Q
the perception of emotional tone-of-voice aspects of language - right hemisphere aspect of language
A
Prosody
9
Q
the ability to recognize objects by touching and feeling them - associated with postcentral gyrus
A
Astereognosis
10
Q
also called face blindness. A condition characterized by the inability to recognize faces
A
Prosopagnosia
11
Q
A region on the inferior surface of the cortex, at the junction of the temporal and occipital lobes, that has been associated with recognition of faces
A
Fusiform gyrus
12
Q
the inability to recognize objects, despite being able to describe them in terms of form and color. may occur after localized brain damage.
A
Agnosia
13
Q
the recovery of behavioral capacity following brain damage from stroke or injury
A
Recovery of function
14
Q
a cell, derived from an embryo, that has capacity to form any type of tissue
A
Embryonic stem cells
15
Q
a therapy for recovery of movement after stroke or injury in which the person’s unaffected limb is constrained while they are required to perform tasks with the affected limb
A
Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMNT)
16
Q
a form of closed head injury caused by a jarring blow to the head, resulting in damage to the tissue of the brain with short or or long-term consequences for cognitive function
A
Concussion
17
Q
a form of dementia that may develop following multiple concussions, such as in athletes engaged in contact sports. It was formerly called dementia pugilistica or punch-drunk syndrome
A
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
18
Q
who won the Nobel prize in 1981 for uncovering lateralized functions of the cortex?
A
Roger Sperry
19
Q
also called nerve cell. The basic unit of the nervous system, each composed of receptive extensions called dendrites, an integrating cell body, a conducting axon, and a transmitting axon terminal.
A
Neuron
20
Q
Non Neuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional and other types of support to the brain.
A
Glial cells/glia
21
Q
the cellular location at which information is transmitted from a neuron to another cell
A
Synapses
22
Q
Around how many synapses do we have?
A
10^15 (a quadrillion)
23
Q
the part of a neuron that receives information from the other neurons or from specialized sensory structures. This zone usually corresponds to the cell’s dendrites.
A
Input zone
24
Q
an extension of the cell body that receives information from other neurons. Functionally, the dendrites are the input zone of the neuron.
A
Dendrites
25
the part of a neuron that initiates neural electrical activity. This zone usually corresponds to the neuron’s cell body.
Integration zone
26
also called soma. The region of a neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus. Functionally, the cell body is the integration zone of the neuron.
Cell body
27
the part of a neuron – typically the axon – over which the action potential is actively propagated.
Conduction zone
28
a branch of an axon
Axon collaterals
29
specialized swellings at the ends of the axon, called axon terminals (or synaptic boutons), transmit the neuron’s signals across synapses to other cells
Output zone
30
the end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse onto a neuron or other target cell and thus serves as the output zone
Axon terminals
31
a neuron that transmits neural messages to muscles (or glands)
Motor neurons
32
a neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, or touch.
Sensory neurons
33
a neuron that is neither a sensory neuron nor a motor neuron. they receive input from and send output to other neurons
Interneurons
34
a neuron that has many dendrites and a signal axon
Multipolar neurons
35
a neuron that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other end
Bipolar neurons
36
a neuron with a single branch that leaves the cell body and then extends in two directions’ one end is the input zone, and the other end is the output zone
Unipolar neurons
37
referring to the “transmitting” side of a synapse
Presynaptic
38
referring to the region of a synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitter
Postsynaptic
39
the specialized membrane on the axon terminal of a neuron that transmits information by releasing neurotransmitter
Presynaptic membrane
40
the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at a synapse. This gap measures about 20-40 nanometers.
Synaptic cleft
41
the specialized membrane on the surface of a neuron that receives information by responding to neurotransmitters from a presynaptic neuron.
Postsynaptic membrane
42
a small spherical structure that contains molecules of neurotransmitter
Synaptic vesicles
43
A specialized protein that is embedded in the cell membrane, allowing it to selectively sense and react to molecules of a corresponding neurotransmitter or drug
Neurotransmitter receptors
44
The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment
Neuroplasticity
45
the cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon originates
Axon hillock
46
to provide neural input to
Innervate
47
the transportation of materials from the neuronal cell body toward the axon terminals, and from the axon terminals back toward the cell body
Axonal transport
48
a type of glial cell that ensheath axons with myelin in the central nervous system
Oligodendrocytes
49
a type of glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system
Schwann cells
50
the fatty insulation around an axon, formed by glial cells. This myelin sheath boosts the speed at which action potentials are conducted
Myelin
51
a star shaped glial cell with numerous processes (extensions) that run in all directions
Astrocytes
52
Extremely small motile glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells.
Microglial cells
53
the outer cellular layer of the developing embryo, giving rise to the skin and the nervous system
Ectoderm
54
an embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
Neural tube
55
the frontal division of the neural tube, which in the mature vertebrate contains the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus
Forebrain
56
the middle division of the brain
Midbrain
57
the rear division of the brain, which in the mature vertebrate contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla
Hindbrain
58
the earliest stage in a developing animal. Humans are considered to be embryos until 8-10 weeks after conception
Embryo
59
a developing individual after the embryo stage. Humans are considered to be fetuses from 10 weeks after fertilization until birth.
Fetus
60
the mitotic division of non-neuronal cells to produce neurons
Neurogenesis
61
the process of division of somatic cells that involves duplication of DNA
Mitosis
62
A region lining the cerebral ventricles from which new neurons and glial cells are born throughout life, via mitosis.
Ventricular zone
63
the movement of cells from site of origin to final location
Cell migration
64
the turning on or off of specific genes; the process by which a cell makes an mRNA transcript of a particular gene
Gene expression
65
the developmental stage in which cells acquire distinctive characteristics, such as those of neurons, as a result of expressing particular genes
Cell differentiation
66
the establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow
Cell-cell interactions
67
a cell that is undifferentiated and therefore can take on the fate of any cell that a donor organism can produce
Stem cells
68
the creation of new neurons in the brain of an adult
Adult neurogenesis
69
the developmental process during which “surplus” cells die
Apoptosis
70
A target-derived chemical that induces innervating neurons to survive.
Neurotrophic factors
71
The loss of some synapses and the development of others; a refinement of synaptic connections that is often seen in development
Synapse rearrangement/synaptic modeling
72
a disability characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior
Intellectual disability
73
a frequent cause of inherited intellectual disability produced by a fragile site on the X chromosome that seems prone to breaking because the DNA there is unstable
Fragile x syndrome
74
reduced visual acuity of one eye that is not caused by optical or retinal impairments
Amblyopia
75
depriving both eyes of form vision, as by sealing the eyelids.
Binocular deprivation
76
the period during development in which an organism can be permanently altered by a particular experience or treatment
critical period
77
depriving one eye of light
Monocular deprivation
78
a graph that portrays the strength of response of a brain neuron to stimuli presented to either the left eye or the right eye
Ocular dominance histogram
79
a synapse that is strengthened when it successfully drives the postsynaptic cell
Hebbian synapses
80
anatomical features of the nervous system that are apparent to the naked eye
Gross neuroanatomy
81
the brain and the spinal cord
Central nervous system (CNS)
82
the portion of the nervous system that includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and the spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
83
a collection of axons bundled together outside the central nervous system
Nerves
84
a nerve that transmits information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands
Motor nerves
85
a part of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural connections mostly to the skeletal muscles and sensory systems of the body. It consists of cranial nerves and spinal nerves
Somatic nervous system
86
a part of the peripheral nervous system that provides the main neural connections to the internal organs. Its two divisions (sympathetic and parasympathetic) act in opposite fashion
Autonomic nervous system
87
the 12 pairs of nerves that are connected directly to the brain
Cranial nerves
88
the 31 pairs of nerves that emerge from the spinal cord
Spinal nerves
89
referring to the topmost 8 segments of the spinal cord, in the neck region
Cervical
90
referring to the 12 spinal segments below the neck portion of the spinal cord, in the torso
Thoracic
91
referring to the 5 spinal segments in the upper part of the lower back
Lumbar
92
referring to the 5 spinal segments in the lower part of the lower back
Sacral
93
referring to the lowest spinal vertebra
Coccygeal
94
the part of the autonomic nervous system that acts as the fight-or-flight system, generally preparing the body for action
Sympathetic nervous system
95
the part of the autonomic nervous system that generally prepares the body to relax and recuperate
Parasympathetic nervous system
96
the plane that divides the body or brain into right and left portions
Sagittal plane
97
the plane that divides the body or brain into front and back parts
Coronal plane
98
the plane that divides the body or brain into upper and lower parts
Horizontal plane
99
toward the middle
Medial
100
toward the side
Lateral
101
above
Superior
102
below
Inferior
103
toward the bottom
Basal
104
toward the head
anterior/rostral
105
toward the tail
posterior/caudal
106
near
Proximal
107
far
Distal
108
carrying action potential toward the brain
Afferent
109
carrying action potential away from the brain
Efferent
110
toward the back
Dorsal
111
toward the belly
Ventral
112
areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and are devoid of myelin which mostly receives and processes information
Gray matter
113
a light-colored layer of tissue, consisting mostly of myelin-sheath axons, that lies underneath the gray matter of the cortex which mostly transmits information
White matter
114
one of the two halves – left or right – of the forebrain
Cerebral hemispheres
115
the outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres, which consists largely of neuron bodies and their branches
Cerebral cortex
116
a ridged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface
Gyri
117
a crevice or valley of a convoluted brain surface
Sulci
118
an area in the front of the brain that contains neurons important for establishing gaze in accordance with cognitive goals
Frontal lobe
119
the large region of cortex lying between the frontal and occipital lobes in each cerebral hemisphere
Parietal lobe
120
sits behind the ears and is associated with processing auditory information and the encoding of memory
Temporal lobe
121
a large region of the cortex that covers much of the posterior part of each cerebral hemisphere
Occipital lobe
122
A deep fissure that demarcates the temporal lobe
Sylvian fissure
123
a fissure that divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
Central sulcus
124
the strip of parietal cortex just behind the central sulcus, that receives somatosensory information from the entire body
Postcentral gyrus
125
the strip of frontal cortex, just in front of the central sulcus, that is crucial for motor control
Precentral gyrus
126
an embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
Neural tube
127
the frontal division of the neural tube, which in the mature vertebrate contains the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus
Forebrain
128
the middle division of the brain
Midbrain
129
the rear division of the brain, which in the mature vertebrate contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla
Hindbrain
130
the anterior part of the fetal forebrain, which will become the cerebral hemispheres in the adult brain
Telencephalon
131
the posterior part of the fetal forebrain which will become the thalamus and hypothalamus in adulthood
Diencephalon
132
the region of the brain that consists of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla
Brainstem
133
a portion of DNA or RNA molecule that is composed of a single base and the adjoining sugar-phosphate unit of the strand
Nuclei
134
bundles of axons found within the central nervous system
Tracts
135
a type of large neuron that has a roughly pyramid-shaped cell body and is found in the cerebral cortex
Pyramidal cell
136
one of the vertical columns that constitute the basic organization of the cerebral cortex
Cortical columns
137
a group of forebrain nuclei, including the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen, found deep within the cerebral hemispheres. They are crucial for skill learning
Basal ganglia
138
a loosely defined, widespread group of brain nuclei that innervate each other to form a network. These nuclei are implicated in emotions
Limbic system
139
a group of nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe
Amygdala
140
a medial temporal lobe structure that is important for spatial cognition, learning, and memory
Hippocampus
141
a fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body
Fornix
142
A strip of cortex, found in the frontal and parietal midline, that is part of the limbic system and is implicated in many cognitive functions
Cingulate gyrus
143
an anterior projection of the brain that terminates in the upper nasal passages and, through small openings in the skull, provides receptors for smell
Olfactory bulb
144
paired structures to either side of the third ventricle, at the top of the brainstem that direct the flow of sensory information to and from the cortex
Thalamus
145
part of the diencephalon, lying ventral to the thalamus
Hypothalamus
146
the dorsal portion of the midbrain, consisting of the inferior and superior colliculi
Tectum
147
a gray matter structure of the dorsal midbrain that processes visual information and is involved in direction of visual gaze and visual attention to intended stimuli
Superior colliculi
148
paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that process auditory information
Inferior colliculi
149
the main body of the midbrain, containing the substantia nigra, periaqueductal gray, part of the reticular formation, and multiple fiber tracts
Tegmentum
150
a brainstem structure that innervates the basal ganglia and is a major source of dopaminergic projections
Substantia nigra
151
a midbrain region involved in pain perception
Periaqueductal gray
152
An extensive region of the brainstem, extending from the medulla through the thalamus, that is involved in sleep and arousal
Reticular formation
153
a structure located at the back of the brain, dorsal to the pons, that is involved in the central regulation of movement and in some forms of learning
Cerebellum
154
the portion of the brainstem that connects the midbrain to the medulla
Pons
155
the posterior part of the hindbrain, continuous with the spinal cord
Medulla
156
the three protective membranes – dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid – that surround the brain and spinal cord
Meninges
157
the outermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord.
Dura mater
158
the innermost of the three meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord
Pia mater
159
the thin covering (one of the three meninges) of the brain that lies between the dura mater and the pia mater
Arachnoid
160
the fluid that fills the cerebral ventricles
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
161
an acute inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection
Meningitis
162
a noninvasive tumor of the meninges
Meningiomas
163
a system of fluid-filled cavities inside the brain
Ventricular system
164
a complex C-shaped lateral portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of the brain
Lateral ventricle
165
a specialized membrane lining the ventricles that produces cerebrospinal fluid by filtering blood
Choroid plexus
166
tube midline ventricle that conducts cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral ventricles of the fourth ventricle
Third ventricle
167
the passageway within the pons that receives cerebrospinal fluid from the third ventricle and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord
Fourth ventricle
168
a ballooning of the ventricles, at the expense of the surrounding brain, which may occur when the circulation of CSF is blocked
Hydrocephalus
169
a lymphatic system in the brain that participates in removal of wastes and the movement of nutrients and signaling compounds
Glymphatic system
170
the three pairs of large arteries within the skull that supply blood to the cerebral cortex
Cerebral arteries
171
the mechanisms that make the movement of substances from blood vessels into cells more difficult in the brain than in other body organs, thus affording the brain greater protection from exposure to some substances found in the blood
Blood-brain barrier
172
First line of defense
Immediate
Non-specific
Does not generate lasting protective immunity
Innate immunity
173
Is initiated if innate immune response is not adequate
Antigen-specific immunity
Generates lasting protective immunity
Adaptive immune response
174
atoms or molecule that have acquired an electrical charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons
Ions
175
negatively charged ions, such as protein or chloride ions
Anions
176
positively charged ions, such as potassium or sodium ions
Cations
177
The watery solution found within cells
Intracellular fluid
178
The fluid in the spaces between cells
Extracellular fluid
179
the lipid bilayer that encloses a cell
Cell membrane
180
an especially small electrode used to record electrical potentials inside living cells
Microelectrode
181
the difference in electrical potential across the membrane of a neuron at rest
Resting potential
182
a thousandth of a volt
Millivolts (mV)
183
a pore in the cell membrane that permits the passage of certain ions through the membrane when the channel is open
Ion channel
184
a potassium atom that carries a positive charge
Potassium ions (K+)
185
a sodium atom that carries a positive charge
Sodium ions (Na+)
186
the property of a membrane that allows some substances to pass through, but not others
Selective permeability
187
the spontaneous spread of solute molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a solvent until a uniform solute concentration is achieved
Diffusion
188
the energetically expensive mechanism that pushes sodium ions out of a cell, and potassium ions in
Sodium-potassium pumps
189
the point at which the movement of ions across the cell membrane is balanced, as the electrostatic pressure pulling ions in one direction is offset by the diffusion force pushing them in the opposite direction
Equilibrium potential
190
an increase in membrane potential (the interior of the neuron becomes even more negative)
Hyperpolarization
191
an increase in membrane potential (the interior of the neuron becomes less negative)
Depolarization
192
an electrical potential that is initiated by stimulation at a specific site, is a graded response that spreads passively across the cell membrane, and decreases in strength with time and difference
Local potentials
193
the stimulus intensity that is just adequate to trigger an action potential in an axon
Threshold
194
A rapid reversal of the membrane potential that momentarily makes the inside of a neuron positive with respect to the outside
Action potential
195
the condition that the size (amplitude) of the action potential is independent of the size of the stimulus
All-or-none property
196
the positive or negative change in membrane potential that may follow na action potential
Afterpotentials
197
A Na+-selective channel that opens or closes in response to changes in the voltage of the local membrane potential. It mediates the action potential
Voltage-gated Na+m channel
198
temporarily unresponsive or inactivated
Refractory
199
the speed at which an action potential is propagated along the length of an axon
Conduction velocity
200
a brief period of complete insensitivity to stimuli
Absolute refractory phase
201
a period of reduced sensitivity during which only strong stimulation produces an action potential
Relative refractory phase
202
a gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed
Nodes of Ranvier
203
the form of conduction that is characteristic of myelinated axons, in which the action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next
Saltatory conduction
204
literally “many scars”. A disorder characterized by the widespread degeneration of myelin
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
205
a local potential that is initiated by stimulation at a synapse, can very in amplitude, and spreads passively across the cell membrane, decreasing in strength with time and distance
Postsynaptic potentials
206
a depolarizing potential in a neuron that is normally caused by synaptic excitation. EPSPs increase the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
207
a hyperpolarizing potential in a neuron. IPSPs decrease the probability that the postsynaptic neuron will fire an action potential
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
208
a chlorine atom that carries a negative charge
Chloride ions (Cl-)
209
the summation of postsynaptic potentials that reach the axon hillock from different locations across the cell body. If this summation reaches threshold, an action potential is triggered
Spatial summation
210
the summation of postsynaptic potentials that reach the axon hillock at different times. The closer in time the potentials occur, the greater the summation
Temporal summation
211
a calcium atom that carries a double positive charge
Calcium ions (CA2+)
212
the brief delay between the arrival of an action potential at the axon terminal and the creation of a postsynaptic potential
Synaptic delay
213
a drug that induces a state resembling schizophrenia
Ligand
214
a neurotransmitter that is produced and released by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, by motor neurons, and by many neurons in the brain
Acetylcholine (ACh)
215
a neurotoxin that causes paralysis by blocking acetylcholine receptors in muscles
Curare
216
a neurotoxin, isolated from the venom of the many-banded krait, that selectively blocks acetylcholine receptors
Bungarotoxin
217
a substance that mimics or boosts the actions of a transmitter or other signaling molecule
Agonists
218
a substance that blocks or attenuates the actions of a transmitter or other signaling molecule
Antagonists
219
referring to cells that use acetylcholine as their synaptic transmitter
Cholinergic
220
a region, ventral to the basal ganglia that is the major source of cholinergic projections in the brain and has been implicated in sleep
Basal forebrain
221
a monoamine transmitter found in the midbrain – especially in the substantia nigra – and in the basal forebrain
Dopamine (DA)
222
referring to cells that use dopamine as their synaptic transmitter
Dopaminergic
223
a portion of the midbrain that protects dopaminergic fibers to the nucleus accumbens
Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
224
referring to cells that used serotonin as their synaptic transmitter
Serotonergic
225
a string of nuclei in the midline of the brain and brainstem that contain most of the serotonergic neurons of the brain
Raphe nuclei
226
a synaptic transmitter that is produced in the raphe nuclei and is active in structures throughout the cerebral hemispheres
Serotonin
227
a synaptic transmitter that is produced in the raphe nuclei and is active in structures throughout the cerebral hemispheres
5-HT
228
referring to cells using norepinephrine (noradrenaline) as a transmitter
Noradrenergic
229
A neurotransmitter active in both the brain and in the sympathetic nervous system
Norepinephrine (NE)
230
a small nucleus in the brainstem whose neurons produce norepinephrine and modulate large areas of the forebrain
Locus coeruleus
231
a brainstem region that provides some of the norepinephrine-containing projections of the brain
Lateral tegmental area
232
a type of endogenous peptide that mimics the effects of morphine in binding to opioid receptors and producing marked analgesia and reward
Opioid peptides
233
a neurotransmitter that is released by the postsynaptic neuron, diffuses back across the synapse, and alters the functioning of the presynaptic neuron
Retrograde transmitters
234
the process of requiring new and relatively enduring information, behavior patterns, or abilities, characterized by modifications of behavior as a result of practice, study, or experience
Learning
235
The ability to learn and neurally encode information, consolidate information for longer-term storage, and retrieve or reactivate the consolidated information at a later time
Memory
236
severe impairment of memory
Amnesia
237
difficulty in retrieving memories formed before the onset of amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
238
a man who was unable to encode new declarative memories because of surgical removal of medial temporal lobe structures
Patient H.M.
239
difficulty in forming new memories beginning with the onset of a disorder
Anterograde amnesia
240
a memory that can be stated or described
Declarative memory
241
also called procedural memory. A memory that is shown by performance rather than by conscious recollection
Nondeclarative memory
242
a test in which the individual must respond to the unfamiliar stimulus in a pair of stimuli
Delayed non-matching-to-sample-task
243
a still-living man who is unable to encode new declarative memories, because of damage to the dorsomedial thalamus and the mammillary bodies
Patient N.A.
244
a limbic system structure that is connected to the hippocampus
Dorsomedial thalamus
245
one of a pair of limbic system structures that are connected to the hippocampus
Mammillary bodies
246
a memory disorder caused by thiamine deficiency, that is generally associated with chronic alcoholism
Korsakoff’s syndrome
247
to fill in a gap in memory with a falsification, often seen in Korsakoff’s syndrome
Confabulate
248
who sustained damage to the cortex that rendered him unable to form and retrieve episodic memories
Patient K.C.
249
Memory of a particular incident or a particular time and place.
Episodic memory
250
generalized declarative memory, such as knowing the meaning of a word
Semantic memory
251
the process of learning to perform a challenging task simply by repeating it over and over
Skill learning
252
The phenomenon by which exposure to a stimulus facilitates subsequent responses to the same or a similar status
Priming
253
a type of learning in which an association is formed between two stimuli or between a stimulus and a response. It includes both classical and instrumental conditioning
Associative learning
254
A type of associative learning in which an originally neutral stimulus acquires the power to elicit a conditioned response when presented alone
Classical conditioning
255
A form of associative learning in which the likelihood that an act will be performed depends on the consequences (reinforcing stimuli) that follow it
Instrumental conditioning
256
a mental representation of the relative spatial organization of objects and information
Cognitive map
257
a neuron in the hippocampus that selectively fires when the animal is in a particular location
Place cells
258
a brief type of memory that stores the sensory impression of a scene.
Sensory buffers
259
a form of memory that usually lasts only a few seconds, or as long as rehearsal continues
Short term memory
260
an enduring form of memory that lasts days, weeks, months, or years. LTM has a very large capacity
Long-term memory
261
the first process in the memory system, in which the information entering sensory channels is passed into short-term memory
Encoding
262
the second process in the memory system in which information in short-term memory is transferred to long-term memory
Consolidation
263
the third process of the memory system in which a stored memory is used by an organism
Retrieval
264
a disorder in which memories of an unpleasant episode repeatedly plague the person
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
265
A persistent change in the brain that reflects the storage of memory
Memory trace
266
the return of a memory trace to stable long-term storage after it has been temporarily made changeable during the process of recall
Reconsolidation
267
An environment for laboratory rodents in which each animal is housed singly in a small cage without complex stimuli
Impoverished condition (IC)
268
the usual environment for laboratory rodents, with a few animals in a cage and adequate food and water, but no complex stimulation
Standard condition (SC)
269
an environment for laboratory rodents that offers many opportunities for activity with lots of sensory and intellectual stimulation
Enriched condition (EC)
270
a form of non-associative learning in which an organism becomes less responsive following repeated presentations of a stimulus
Habituation
271
a stable and enduring increase in the effectiveness of synapses following repeated strong stimulation
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
272
a strip of gray matter in the hippocampal formation
Dentate gyrus
273
a glutamate receptor that also binds the glutamate agonist NDMA (n-methyl-d-asparate) and that is both ligand-gated and voltage-sensitive
NDMA receptor
274
a fast-acting ionotropic glutamate receptor that also binds the glutamate agonist AMPA
AMPA receptors
