Exam 1

Question 1

the rate of death in a specified population above the expected rate for other populations

Answer 1

excess death

Question 2

referring to any departure from, subjective or objective, a state of physiological or psychological well being

Answer 2

morbidity

Question 3

frequency of the occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval of time (breast cancer mortality rate in 2010)

Answer 3

mortality

Question 4

the number of new cases of diseases during a specified time interval

Answer 4

incidence

Question 5

the number of total cases (new and preexisting) at a specific point in time. usually expressed as a percentage during a specific year

Answer 5

prevalence

Question 6

can be explained by biological differences

Answer 6

differences

Question 7

usually call ethics, equity or social justice into question

Answer 7

disparities

Question 8

similar to disparities, but typically focus on differential access to resources or treatment

Answer 8

inequities

Question 9

similar to disparities, but typically focus on differential access to resources or treatment

Answer 9

inequities

Question 10

refers to an individual’s social and economic standing in society, and is based on access to income, education, assets, power, investments, etc. related terms are social class or socioeconomic position

Answer 10

socioeconomic status

Question 11

an indicator of wealth that refers to cash flow and assets, minus liabilities/debts

Answer 11

net worth

Question 12

an area with a core population of 50,000+ inhabitants

Answer 12

Urban(ized) Area

Question 13

an area with at least 2,500 and less than 50,000 people

Answer 13

Urban Cluster

Question 14

county/counties associated with at least one urbanized area. They are larger than cities and are sometimes referred to as regions (e.g., the NY metro region).

Answer 14

Metropolitan Statistical Area

Question 15

County or counties associated with at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 and less than 50,000 inhabitants

Answer 15

Micropolitan Statistical Area

Question 16

the largest area in a metropolitan or micropolitan area with at least 10,000 inhabitants

Answer 16

Principal City

Question 17

all areas outside of an urban area or cluster

Answer 17

Rural Area

Question 18

The “White Flight Hypothesis” suggests that Whites’ preferences against integration lead to patterns of migration OUT of integrated neighborhoods into more suburban, predominantly White neighborhoods. This perpetuates residential segregation.

Answer 18

White Flight

Question 19

Renovating and revitalizing impoverished neighborhoods in ways that make them more appealing to more affluent (and in many instances, White) residents. This also perpetuates residential segregation.

Answer 19

Gentrification

Question 20

Efforts to reduce or control disease/injury before any symptoms exist. The assumption is that the individual does not have a disease/injury, so the focus is on reducing risk and keeping the individual disease/injury free. An example is the use of seatbelts to prevent injuries or death from motor vehicle accidents, or brushing your teeth to prevent cavities.

Answer 20

primary prevention

Question 21

Efforts to aid in the early detection or identification of disease or injury, or treatment to prevent further problems. An example would be mammography to detect breast cancer.

Answer 21

secondary prevention

Question 22

Efforts are focused on treatment and rehabilitation. This includes medication, surgery and other treatments for current problems, as well as efforts to prevent further problems associated with the disease/injury.

Answer 22

tertiary prevention

Question 23

We refer to “isms” throughout this course to describe any kind of discrimination against another person because of a particular characteristic. This may be discrimination due to race or ethnicity, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, or any other characteristic. When we discuss racism, you will be encouraged to think about how the discussion could also apply to sexism, heterosexism, ageism, or other isms.

Answer 23

“isms”

Question 24

These are structures and policies in society that can serve to promote or impede health. Examples include discrimination, housing policies, income/wealth, educational opportunities, or community resources. We will refer to social determinants of health throughout the course to help us focus in on malleable factors that can be improved upon to promote health and reduce disparities.

Answer 24

social determinants of health

Question 25

Think about a piece of lined notebook paper. Most of these papers have a margin…the margin is outside of the area where you spend most of your time writing. Use this metaphor to think about marginalized populations. They are historically disadvantaged groups in the U.S. that have been placed in the margins of society due to skin color, language, income, education, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability status, and/or other characteristics.

Answer 25

marginalized populations

Question 26

A U.S. policy that threatens deportation for immigrants who do not contribute to society, or are considered a burden on society (e.g., those who do not hold jobs and rely on public welfare for support).

Answer 26

public charge

Question 27

(from Merriam-Webster dictionary). “Cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture.” This typically increases with the length of residence in a new country.

Answer 27

Acculturation

Question 28

Foreign-born populations tend to be healthier than their U.S.-born counterparts, despite the fact that immigrants tend to have a lower socioeconomic status (income and education).

Answer 28

immigrant paradox

Question 29

The hypothesis that there is a selection effect that explains better health in immigrants; people who immigrate to the U.S. may have more health advantages, in general, than those who do not immigrate (e.g., health behaviors or even social factors that protect health).

Answer 29

Positive immigrant selectivity