Exam 1

Question 1

What is an enzyme?

Answer 1

A protein that catalyzes a reaction

Question 2

Homolog

Answer 2

Enzyme doing same thing in different organism

Question 3

Isozyme

Answer 3

Different version of an enzyme in the same organism

Question 4

Rate limiting reactions

Answer 4

Slowest Rxn in a series of rxns

Question 5

Branching pathways

Answer 5

Nonlinear pathways that arrive at target compound through combos of pathways that split compounds into smaller ones. Work in parallel with many combinations and join compounds into bigger ones

Question 6

Allosteric modulation

Answer 6

Used to alter the activity of molecules and enzymes

Question 7

Kinases

Answer 7

Phosphorylates, forms bonds

Question 8

Phosphatases

Answer 8

Dephosphoralates, breaks bonds

Question 9

DNA

Answer 9

Genetic material, instructions for development and function of an organism

Question 10

RNA

Answer 10

Responsible for transcription and translation. Delivery of genetic instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where proteins are made

Question 11

Heritable

Answer 11

Can be passed through generations

Question 12

Gene

Answer 12

Segments/arrangements of DNA. Contain instructions for building molecules

Question 13

Epigenetic effects

Answer 13

Behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work

Question 14

Methylation

Answer 14

Attachment of a methyl group, stops or slows gene expression. Ex. Famine

Question 15

Phenotypic plasticity

Answer 15

One genotype, can have many different phenotypes. Different access and environment. Ex. Human height
Ex. Polyphonic Development. White butterflies lighter in summer, darker in spring

Question 16

Active transport

Answer 16

Requires energy
Moves against the concentration gradient

Question 17

Passive transport

Answer 17

No energy required
From high concentration to low concentration
Diffusion

Question 18

Secondary active transport

Answer 18

Used when need to transport larger molecules like glucose
Use energy setup from gradients in cotransport
Allows diffusion with energy from primary active transport
Ex. Ion exchange in gills through chloride cells

Question 19

Ligand channel

Answer 19

Group of trans membrane ion channel proteins which open to allow ions to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger

Question 20

G Protein linked channel

Answer 20

Upon activation by a ligand, receptor bonds to a partner heterotrimeric G protein and promotes exchange of GTP and GDP

Question 21

Sodium Potassium Pump

Answer 21

3 Na bind to pump
Phosphate from ATP is donated to pump
Pump changes shape and releases Ana outside of cell
2 K bind to pump and into cell
Phosphate group is released and pump returns to original shape
Electrical gradient: outside more positive than inside
For every ATP used three Na are exported and two K imported

Question 22

Three basic nutrients

Answer 22

Carbohydrates
Protein
Lipids

Question 23

How build polymers

Answer 23

Anabolism

Question 24

How break polymers

Answer 24

Catabolism

Question 25

Basic feeding behaviors

Answer 25

Predation Ecomorphology Suspension feeding

Question 26

Forgot formenters

Answer 26

Have expanded stomach. Ruminants

Question 27

Hi shut fermenters

Answer 27

Colon expands, simple single-chambered stomach. Eat shit

Question 28

How sugars absorbed

Answer 28

Secondary active transport

Question 29

Fats absorbed

Answer 29

Emulsify with lipoproteins Michelle and chylomicron

Question 30

Ingested chemical energy

Answer 30

Biosynthesis Maintenance External work Lost as feces

Question 31

Specific dynamic action

Answer 31

Increase in metabolic rate due to eating

Question 32

Rubners law

Answer 32

BMR is somewhat proportional to surface area. BMR:SV Proposed smaller metabolic rates were associated with longetivity

Question 33

Glycolysis

Answer 33

Reactants: glucose, ATP, NAD+ Products: ATP, water Costs 2 ATP, generates 2 ATP

Question 34

Krebs

Answer 34

Reactants: Acetyl CoA and NADH2 Products: CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP Generates 2 ATP

Question 35

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 35

ADP to ATP Reactants: NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP, Pi Products: ATP, NAD+, FAD, H2O 32 ATP

Question 36

ETC

Answer 36

Electrons from NADH or FADH2 eventually transferred to O2 O2 acts as the terminal electron acceptor 1. NADH2-> NAD+2H 2. FADH2-> FAD+ 2H Ubiquinone E-> 3. -> 4. 2H+O2-> H2O

Question 37

Pay as you go phase

Answer 37

Reached at submaximal exercise At a rate where you can meet O2 demand

Question 38

O2 Debt

Answer 38

Go into debt at supramaximal exercise

Question 39

EPOC

Answer 39

Amount of O2 needed to restore body to normal EPOC gets larger due to build up of lactic acid with increased activity intensity