Exam 1

Question 1

Ergot and it’s causal agent

Answer 1

A fungus that involves and replaces grain with fungal tissue, usually rye and wheat. Causal agent is Claviceps purpurea

Question 2

Koch’s postulates

Answer 2

taught us how to prove an organism is responsible for symptoms.

1. The suspect must be consistently associated with disease
2. The suspect must be isolated in pure culture and characteristically well described
3. A clean, healthy plant, must get the disease after being exposed to the suspect
4. The usual suspect needs to be re-isolated from the disease plant from step #3

Works extremely well with fungi and bacteria. Harder with viruses. Even harder with nematodes

Question 3

Late blight and it’s causal agent

Answer 3

Phytophthora infestans, an oomycete is it’s causal agent. Can only be transmitted by spores

Question 4

The discovery of Bordeaux mixture

Answer 4

Pierre Millardet uses copper solution to PREVENT infections of grape leaves with downey mildew of grapes

Question 5

Pasteur and germ theory, spontaneous generation

Answer 5

proves concept of germ theory while working with beer and wine, spontaneous generation does not happen

Question 6

parasite

Answer 6

An organism that withdraws nutrients from another living host

Question 7

pathogen

Answer 7

An agent that causes disease

Question 8

hyphae and mycelium

Answer 8

Single, tubular filament of a fungal thallus or mycelium; basic structural unit of a fungus

Question 9

spores

Answer 9

are like seeds and are carried by the wind to new places where they germinate and form new colonies

Question 10

conidia

Answer 10

Spores made asexually

Question 11

obligate parasite

Answer 11

Also known as a biotroph, must have a living host to complete its life cycle

Question 12

saprobe or saprophyte

Answer 12

An organism that lives off of dead or decaying organic material

Question 13

disease triangle

Answer 13

All three components are necessary to cause disease
* A susceptible host
* A pathogen
* Environment favorable for disease

Question 14

disease pyramid

Answer 14

same as disease triangle but the addition of time

Question 15

to breed true

Answer 15

the offspring are 99.999% genetically identical to parents

Question 16

virulence

Answer 16

Determined by genetics of the pathogen and the response of the host

Question 17

polycyclic

Answer 17

There are multiple cycles of infection

Question 18

monocyclic

Answer 18

There is only one infection event for the growing season

Question 19

septation

Answer 19

a division between cavities or parts of an organism by partitions or septa

Question 20

ascospores and ascus

Answer 20

A sexually produced fungal spore formed within an ascus of ascomycetes

Question 21

basidiospores and basidia

Answer 21

reproductive spores produced by Basidiomycete fungi

Question 22

haploid state of most fungi

Answer 22

Most fungi are haploid 99% of their lives

Question 23

homothallic and heterothallic

Answer 23

No male or female, a second organism not always required (mitosis)

Question 24

antheridium

Answer 24

The equivalent of a male sex organ in ascomycetes. It is”male” because it provides DNA through a nucleus but does not contribute to the “gestation”? of the spore

Question 25

ascogonium

Answer 25

The "female" piece of ascomycete sex. It becomes larger and is usually where the cells with spores originate from

Question 26

apothecium

Answer 26

A cup-shaped fruiting body, large or tiny, usually open on top

Question 27

clamp connection

Answer 27

allows nuclei to move around the septum

Question 28

plasmogamy

Answer 28

Fusion of two haploid cells

Question 29

karyogamy

Answer 29

Fusion of haploid nuclei

Question 30

meiosis

Answer 30

a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores

Question 31

mycorrhizae

Answer 31

Attaches to plant, feeds the plant water and phosphorous, receives sugar in return

Question 32

heart rot

Answer 32

a fungal disease that causes the decay of wood at the center of the trunk and branches

Question 33

alternate host

Answer 33

the host belonging to a different family that helps complete the pathogen's life cycle and its survival

Question 34

Wheat rust and its causal agent

Answer 34

a fungal disease that affects wheat, it's causal agent is Puccinia graminis

Question 35

alternate host of wheat rust

Answer 35

Common barberry

Question 36

White pine blister rust and it's causal agent

Answer 36

Extremely virulent, it's causal agent is Cronartium ribicola

Question 37

Corn smut and it's causal agent

Answer 37

fungi from corn, it's causal agent is Ustilago maydis

Question 38

coenocytic mycelium

Answer 38

a mycelium where the hyphae lack septa

Question 39

zygospore

Answer 39

sexual resting structures

Question 40

Chytrids

Answer 40

Mostly decomposers in lakes and ponds, major amphibian parasite, obligate parasites in plants

Question 41

zoospores

Answer 41

Flagellated spore found in chytrids

Question 42

Potato wart and it's scientific name

Answer 42

Synchytrium endobioticum, a chytrid fungus that causes the disease, or black scab

Question 43

4 parameters of disease, signs and symptoms

Answer 43

Process Physiological Injurious Continuous

Question 44

why and how we classify fungi into different phyla and lower groups

Answer 44

Placement into a division is based on the way in which the fungus reproduces sexually.

Question 45

why the Deuteromycetes are a dysfunctional group and problematic for taxonomy

Answer 45

these fungi apparently lack sexual stage

Question 46

the difference between homothallism and heterothallism and put some consideration into what their advantages might be

Answer 46

Heterothallic fungi require two compatible partners for mating to occur and have greater degree of outbreeding that results, whereas homothallic fungi are self fertile with a single individual capable of sexual reproduction even in solo culture

Question 47

general process of fungal sexual reproduction and the order in which it occurs in fungi

Answer 47

The diploid chromosomes are pulled apart into two daughter cells, each containing a single set of chromosomes. plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis is the order

Question 48

What is the advantage to conidia?

Answer 48

germinate and create a newer generation and have a very important role to play in biological dispersal

Question 49

What is the advantage to zoospores?

Answer 49

function in dispersal and allow the fungus to locate new sources of nutrients

Question 50

wheat rust life cycle order in general terms

Answer 50

Spermatogonia, Aecidium, Uredium, Telium, Basidium

Question 51

spores, when they happen and the term to describe a rust with this many spore stages

Answer 51

a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavorable conditions (haploid rust)