Exam 1 Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
According to Berger, “We need to systemic and rigorous at the same time that we are _____ and _____.”
A
Intrusive & empathetic
2
Q
Observation is not just “looking”. True or false
A
True
3
Q
Observation is only looking. True or false
A
False
4
Q
Clinical observation is more than jotting down notes or transcribing behavior. True or false
A
True
5
Q
Clinical observation is…
A
- The process that brings together personal beliefs, academic knowledge, and clinical experience with a context that includes the perspectives, values, and needs of clients and patients and their families.
- Relies on the development of well-honed skills and must be practiced again and again.
- Must be grounded in sound philosophy supporting clinical practice.
6
Q
Inductive reasoning involves bringing together all of the parts to make up a whole or to explain a conclusion. True or false
A
True
7
Q
Inductive reasoning is known as “_______” while deductive reasoning is known as “________”
A
Bottom-up thinking; Top-down reasoning
8
Q
Inductive reasoning process involves
A
Observations, pattern, hypothesis, test hypothesis based on theory
9
Q
During inductive reasoning, one must
A
Identify the signs or symptoms, collect data on component of communication, compare the information to what is understood to be the norm for a particular culture
10
Q
Deductive reasoning involves applying theoretical knowledge to hypothesis testing, often using a set of rules or laws (or deductions) to arrive at a conclusion. True or false
A
True
11
Q
Deductive reasoning process includes
A
Theory, hypothesis, observation, confirmation
12
Q
Developing a hypothesis
A
Uses the processes allows the practitioner to develop multiple hypotheses to integrate scientific knowledge and clinical experience
13
Q
Intuition is known as ____
A
“Gut feeling”
14
Q
Intuition is not the same as clinical judgment. True or false
A
True
15
Q
Intuition is the same as clinical judgment. True or false
A
False
16
Q
Clinical judgement is
A
- Dependent on the development of expertise
- Component of evidence-based practice
17
Q
CSD condones the use of intuition in clinical work. True or false
A
False
18
Q
Your skill at observation is likely to be the most important tool in you clinical repertoire
A
19
Q
In what year did Charcot speak about observation as essential to the development of clinical competence in the physician.
A
1889
20
Q
A look at the the history of observation in medicine reveals pedagogical and practical support for providing direct, guided training in observation skills. True or false
A
True
21
Q
How many levels of Bergers Levels of Observation (1980) are there?
A
4 levels
22
Q
What is level 1 of Bergers Levels of Observation (1980)
A
Level 1: clinical material of history, physical, and laboratory results
23
Q
What is level 2 of Bergers Levels of Observation (1980)
A
Level 2: description of personal characteristics of appearance and behavior
24
Q
What is level 3 of Bergers Levels of Observation (1980)
A
Level 3: Description of interactions
25
What is level 4 of Bergers Levels of Observation (1980)
Level 4: Insight into the clinician’s own feelings and behaviors
26
Boudreau described observation as having both “_____” and “___”
Sensory perceptive & cognitive aspects
27
Observation has a sensory perspective and cognitive component. True or false
True
28
Observation is distinct from inference. True or false
True
29
Observation is not made concrete through description. True or false
False
30
Observation does not occur on different levels. True or false
False
31
Observation is goal oriented. True or false
True
32
Observation does not occur over time. True or false
False
33
Observation is subject to powerful cultural determinants. True or false
True
34
Observation carries ethical obligations. Ted or false
True
35
Ethics involves
1. How we record
2. Interpret
3. Use observations
36
Ethics involves how one conducts oneself on site. True or false
True
37
Ethics involves the manner in which observations are recorded and discussed. True or false
True
38
Ethics involves the attitude and actions with which one regards clients and patients. True or false
True
39
A clinician is bound by ASHA’s Code of Ethics and
ultimately responsible for the care of those you observe
40
Emerick and Hatten outline five components central to organizing clinical observation, which are
1. Focus
2. Depth
3. Description
4. Interpretation
5. Implications
41
The master clinician has knowledge, expertise,and experience to inspire confidence; at the same time they expect their healthcare provider to recognize them as fellow human beings. True or false
True
42
Clinical observation is both an art and science. True or false
True
43
During clinical observation its important to consider both objective and subjective points of view. True or false
True
44
During clinical observation, we must not reflect on our own strengths and weaknesses. True or false
False
45
During clinical observation, we must tolerate ambiguity. True or false
True
46
During clinical observation, we must use visual thinking strategies. True or false
True
47
During clinical observation, we must work collaboratively to build mutual meaning and understanding. True or false
True
48
Ethics involve how we record, interpret, and _____ observations
Use
49
Which field was first to notice of the importance of clinical observation?
Medical field
50
Listening without interruption is an example of practicing empathy. True or false
True
51
Play skills can affect language development, cognition, and ________
Pragmatics
52
Revealing and proactive clothing is an example of professional dress. True or false
False
53
When it comes to material in the environment, two important aspects include the type and ______
Placement
54
Personal brand is more important than communication with clients. True or false
False
55
Three things to be aware of when it comes to setting are type, size and decor. True or false
True
56
The clinician is an essential element of the therapeutic process because it is the human relationship with clients through which the work of therapy is done. True or false
True
57
The clinician was empathetic because she made it a point to make sure her patient was heard and understood. True or false
True
58
Three elements relating to the clinicians person which can impact in the session are volume, animation, and enthusiasm. Three or false
True
59
When making clinical decisions one should rely only on intuition. True or false
False
60
When selecting materials for the session, the clinician must consider whether it is appropriate for the clients age. True or false
True
61
It is important to be aware of sounds within and outside of the session as they can be distractors or motivation for the session. True or false
True
62
Fragrance is not something you should consider when providing treatment. True or false
False
63
A master clinician has the knowledge and expertise to inspire confidence and recognize their patients as fellow human beings . True or false
True
64
When it comes to professional dress, the main goal is that you look good. True or false
False
65
Considering where someone else is coming from or understanding that they have different needs than yours is empathetic. True or false
True
66
When working with a group of students, bunched seating is most appropriate. True or false
True
67
Adjusting the speed of the session or changing my plans as I observe my patients responses is empathetic. True or false
True
68
According to research, what is the work of a child?
Play
69
Empathy is the ability to understand and share another persons feelings. True or false
True
70
It is not important to follow dress code at your place of employment. True or false
False
71
The setting, seating, materials, structures present, materials and sounds can all be used to describe the _______
Environment
72
Objective writing includes factor like
1. What can be seen?
2. What can be heard?
3. Factual information
73
Subjective writing includes factors
1. Based on feelings
2. Based on hunches
3. Or perceptions
74
“ The mother was observed to smile each time her son pointed to a picture.” Is this sentence a example of objective or subjective writing?
Objective
75
“After approximately 10 minutes, the patient said he was tired and closed the book.” Is this sentence a example of objective or subjective writing?
Objective
76
“ The mother was happy her son was pointing to the pictures.” Is this sentence a example of objective or subjective writing?
Subjective
77
“The child produced 10 out of 15 utterances correctly using the target vocabulary.” Is this sentence a example of objective or subjective writing?
Objective
78
“ The patient lasted only about 10 minutes before giving up.” Is this sentence a example of objective or subjective writing?
Subjective
79
“ The child seems to know the vocabulary because she said most of them correctly.” Is this sentence a example of objective or subjective writing?
Subjective
80
“ The patient didn’t like to swallow and thin liquids and kept coughing.” Is this sentence a example of objective or subjective writing?
Subjective
81
“ The patient coughed repeatedly after each attempt to swallow thin liquids.” Is this sentence a example of objective or subjective writing?
Objective
82
When describing the context, imagine you are explaining to another student, a clinician,or a clinical supervisor what you observed. True or false
True
83
When describing the context, you must describe the environment, but not the people included in the session. True or false
False
84
When describing the context, we do so objectively, as this is not time for judgment or interpretation. True or false
True
85
When observing the environment, we look at the following:
1. Identify the setting
2. Identify the seating
3. Structures present
4. Materials
5. Sounds
86
When observing the setting, we look at the following:
1. Type of space
2. Size of space
3. Decor
87
When observing the seating, we look at the following:
1. Type of seating or not
2. Arrangement of seating
88
When looking at structures present, we look at the following:
1. Tables
2. Windows
3. Doors
89
When observing the materials used, we look at the following:
1. Types of materials
2. Placement of materials
90
When observing the sounds, we look for the following:
1. Sounds internal to or external to the room
91
It’s important to have a professional and appropriate appearance. True or false
True
92
The overarching goal is the communication advancement of your client, not your fashion sense. True or false
True
93
Following dress code of your place of employment is important. True or false
True
94
Personal grooming choices such as fragrance, revealing or provocative clothing, jewelry (size & piercing) are important. True or false
True
95
hygiene: oral hygiene, cleanliness and nails are important. True or false
True
96
Involving the client in the decision making process is an example of empathy. True or false
True
97
Talking openly is an example of empathy. True or false
True
98
Asking open ended questions is an example of empathy. True or false
True
99
When observing all the people involved you must
1. Identify who is present in the session
2. Their relationship with each other
3. The role each person plays
100
When observing all the people involved you must answer these questions:
1. Who is present? Client? Clinician? Family?
2. What are the relationships among the players?
3. What role do the people play (observer, communicator, facilitator.)
101
When observing the session at times you may not have enough information to adequately detail the treatment plan. True or false
True
102
When observing the session we should rely on
Basic description of the types of activities and materials used, as well as the behavior exhibited by both clinician and the client
103
It’s important to consider the needs of the patient and provide a good pace of the session. True or false
True
104
Pace of session can include
Use of time, run out of activities, run out of time, too fast, too slow, just right
105
Some notes to look at or questions to ask yourself when observing a session are
1. What activities did the clinician use to achieve the goals?
2. Did the clinician use a particular sequence or activities?
3. Why do you suppose she used the activities she did?
4. How successful was she in achieving the goals?
5. If you were to modify the session, how might you do things differently?
106
The most important tool within a session is toys. True or false
False
107
__________ facilitates growth in more than just one area.
Pretend play
108
Encouraging a child to participate in pretend play positively affects:
1. Imaginative thinking and exploration
2. Abstract thinking
3. Problem solving
4. Life skills
5. Leadership skills
109
Encouraging a child to participate in pretend play positivity affects:
1. Communication development
2. Social skills development
3. Use of theory of mind
4. Understanding of safety
5. Self confidence and a high self esteem
110
When gathering materials it’s important to choose something appropriate for the clients age. True or false
True
111
When gathering materials it’s important to consider the clients interest and motivation. True or false
True
112
When gathering materials it’s important to ask yourself, “ How will I use this to address the clients goal?” True or false
True
113
Books can
Cause and increase vocabulary
Identify
Name
Sequence
Narrative language skills
Comprehension
114
Special considerations for teenagers and adults
Interest
Motivation
Responsibility
Rapport
115
The observer must be able to have the following skills:
1. Self reflection
2. Critical thinking
116
What is self reflection?
Meditation or serious thought about one’s character, actions, and motives
117
Self reflection can be described as being mindful of our strengths and weaknesses and how those can be modified to show our potential. True or false
True
118
To facilitate change in others, one needs to know something about the process of change in one’s self starting with self reflection. True or false
True
119
What is self identity?
Recognition of one’s potential as an individual especially in relation to social context
120
Self reflection involves being ______ and _____
Mindful and self aware
121
Reflection is a part of clinical practice. True or false
True
122
Critical thinking involves asking questions and assessing the quality of the answers using reasoning and evidence rather than anecdotes, emotions, or beliefs. True or false
True
123
Critical thinking is important to support appropriate decision making when you are practicing. True or false
True
124
Curiosity and desire for learning is known as
Inquisitiveness
125
Being tolerant of divergent views and sensitive to the possibility of one’s own bias is known as
Open mindedness
126
Being orderly, organized, focused, and diligent in inquiry is known as
Systematicity
127
Prizing the application of reasoning and use of evidence to solve problems is known as
Anyalyicity
128
Trusting the sound in one’s own judgements and leading others in the rational resolution of problems is known as
Self confidence
129
Three steps in the process of critical thinking are
1. Interpretation
2. Evaluation
3. Metacognition
130
An example of interpretation of critical thinking
You are given a working diagnosis of your patient prior to conducting your evaluation, the SLP will want to determine how much he/she knows about the situation, including the referral source and the diagnosis
131
During evaluation process of critical thinking, you make a judgement about the credibility and applicability of the evidence for the circumstance. True or false
True
132
What is metacognition?
Awareness and understanding of one’s own thought process
133
During metacognition process of critical thinking, ask yourself the following:
How well do I understand the issue
Do I have any bias, assumptions, or values relative to the issue
134
List 5 ways of knowing
Received knowledge
Experiential knowledge
Subjective knowledge
Judgmental knowledge
Adversarial knowledge
135
List 5 more ways of knowing
Modus operandi
Scientific knowledge in natural sciences
Scientific knowledge in human sciences
Theoretical knowledge
Connected knowledge
136
Received knowledge comes from a source you trust. Someone gives you information and you are comfortable applying it. True or false
True
137
Some example of received knowledge are
Textbooks, professors, professionals, and trusted online sources (ASHA website)
138
Experimental knowledge is “ been there done that” kind of knowledge.true or false
True
139
During experimental knowledge, our personal firsthand experiences lead us to believe something is true. True or false
True
140
Subjective knowledge is that _______
Gut feeling
141
When we know something because it feels or seems right to us, this is known as
Subjective knowledge
142
Subjective knowledge is individualized, internalized way of knowing. True or false
True
143
Judgment knowledge used set of external standards. True or false
True
144
Professions apply standards that can include the skills needed as well as ethics expected and judgments are made accordingly. True or false
True
145
An example of judgment knowledge is
Correctness of a clients utterance
146
Adversarial knowledge is known as two or more people argue issues/ data, claim to truth emerges, sometimes a third part is involved. True or false
True
147
During adversarial knowledge, In disputed situation, we can arrive at an acceptable truth through balancing issues via
Argumentation and cross examination
148
It’s important for mutual understanding of the value of adversarial knowledge as well as a respectful professional relationship between the parties involved. True or false
True
149
Modus operandi is a habitual procedure to arrive at claim. True or false
True
150
Modus operandi involves __________ and _____
Way of operating and method of working
151
Using logic, data to develop a theory is known as
Theoretical knowledge
152
Theory can be widely accepted because it has been borne out by fact or evidence, or it could be closer to hypothesis, still to be supported with sufficient evidence to be accepted. True or false
True
153
Rests on the principles of the scientific method
Scientific knowledge in the natural sciences
154
Scientific knowledge in the natural sciences can be used to explain all of human behavior. True or false
True
155
Scientific knowledge in the nature sciences involves
Personal wisdom or interpersonal empathy
156
Uses definable method, seek narrative patterns is known as
Scientific knowledge in the human sciences
157
Human experience had fundamental differences with natural sciences
Scientific knowledge in the human sciences
158
Immersing I’m a phenomenon and pulling out important data, interpretations and conclusions.
Scientific knowledge in the human sciences
159
Some examples of scientific knowledge in the human sciences are
Letters, diaries, or journals
160
Way of knowledge that comes from restful dialogue with others
Coco strutted knowledge
161
Listening to others and their positions, try to look at reality the way another person looks at it
Coco strutted knowledge
162
Work to create an attitude of respect and culturally safe environment. True or false
True
163
Putting aside the notion that one person or group is the norm and everyone else’s is the other
Culturally sensitive practice
164
We need to be willling to explore our own cultures, our own backgrounds, the environments which we have developed and those of others. True or false
True
165
Being eager to seek the best knowledge in a given context, courageous about asking questions, and honest about pursuing inquiry even the findings do not support one’s self interest or preconceived opinions
Truth seeking
166
Approaching problems, inquiry, and decision making with a sense that some problems are I’ll structured, some have more than one option, and some judgments must be made on standards, contexts, and evidence that preclude certainty
Maturity
