Exam 1

Question 1

Plant requirements…

Answer 1

CO2 (above ground, sunlight (above ground), water (below ground), and minerals (below ground)

Question 2

Shoot system

Answer 2

Above ground, composed of stems and leaves

Question 3

Root system

Answer 3

Below ground, composed of roots

Question 4

Three basic plant organs…

Answer 4

Roots, stems, and leaves

Question 5

Taproot system

Answer 5

A single taproot branching into smaller lateral roots (carrot)

Question 6

Taproot system

Answer 6

A single taproot branching into smaller lateral roots (carrot)

Question 7

Fibrous root system

Answer 7

Many slender roots extending from the stem

Question 8

Root hairs

Answer 8

Increase the root’s surface area, allowing for more absorption

Question 9

Evolutionary adaptions of roots

Answer 9

Pneumatophores (air roots), prop roots, buttress roots, storage roots, and “strangling” aerial roots

Question 10

Nodes

Answer 10

The point on the stem where leaves are attached

Question 11

Internodes

Answer 11

Long segments between nodes

Question 12

Evolutionary adaptions of stems

Answer 12

Tubers (storage), rhizome, thorns, and stolons (like strawberry plants)

Question 13

Blade

Answer 13

Flat part of a leaf

Question 14

Petioles

Answer 14

A stalk that joins the leaf to a node

Question 15

Evolutionary adaptions of leaves

Answer 15

Tendrils (support), flower petals, spines, bulb

Question 16

Three types of plant tissue…

Answer 16

Dermal, vascular, and ground

Question 17

Dermal tissue

Answer 17

Outermost protective layer

Question 18

Vascular tissue

Answer 18

Transport materials between roots and shoots (xylem and phloem)

Question 19

Ground tissue

Answer 19

Specialized for functions such as storage, photosynthesis, and support (located in the mesophyll)

Question 20

Parenchyma cells (ground tissue)

Answer 20

Found throughout the plant body (photosynthesis, storage, and wound repair)

Question 21

Collenchyma (ground tissue)

Answer 21

Elongated and grouped into strands, common in young stems

Question 22

Sclerenchyma (ground tissue)

Answer 22

Rigid, and dead at maturity

Question 23

Xylem (water-conducting)

Answer 23

Tubular, dead at maturity. Transports water from roots to shoots

Question 24

Phloem (sugar-conducting)

Answer 24

Make up sieve tubes, living at maturity, sieve plates. Transports photosynthetic products from source to sink

Question 25

Apical meristems

Answer 25

Elongating roots and stems (primary growth)

Question 26

Lateral meristems

Answer 26

Thickening of roots and stems (secondary growth)

Question 27

Axillary buds

Answer 27

"Spare" buds that only grow if the main buds don't

Question 28

Vascular cambium (type of lateral meristem)

Answer 28

Adds secondary vascular tissue

Question 29

Cork cambium (type of lateral meristem)

Answer 29

Adds periderm (secondary protective covering)

Question 30

Vascular rays

Answer 30

Connect secondary xylem and phloem

Question 31

Plasmodesmata

Answer 31

Corridors connecting the plasma membranes of adjacent cells

Question 32

Apoplastic route

Answer 32

Along the apoplast (through cell walls)

Question 33

Symplastic route

Answer 33

Cell --> plasmodesmata --> cell --> etc.

Question 34

Casparian strip

Answer 34

Blocks apoplastic transfer of water and minerals from the cortex to the vascular cylinder

Question 35

Xylem sap

Answer 35

Water and dissolved nutrients absorbed by roots

Question 36

Bulk flow

Answer 36

Driven by pressure differences

Question 37

Humus

Answer 37

Decomposing organisms, leaves, feces, etc.

Question 38

Loams

Answer 38

Roughly even mixture of sand, silt, and clay

Question 39

Phototropism

Answer 39

When plants move so they're better angled toward the light

Question 40

Auxin

Answer 40

Promotes elongation in shoot

Question 41

Gibberellins

Answer 41

Elongations and germination

Question 42

Abscisic acid

Answer 42

Promoted seed dormancy