Exam 1 Flashcards
(302 cards)
1
Q
frontal plane
A
separates dorsal and ventral
2
Q
transverse plane
A
“cross-section”, cutting all the way across
3
Q
median plane
A
mirror-reflected parts; left and right
4
Q
axial skeleton
A
vertebral column, skull, ribs, sternum
5
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
thoracic (front) and pelvic (hind) limbs
6
Q
visceral skeleton
A
cartilaginous or skeletal structures to support organs like the heart, especially in large animals
7
Q
rostral (head)
A
towards the nose
8
Q
caudal (head)
A
towards the head
9
Q
dorsal
A
towards the back
10
Q
ventral
A
towards the belly
11
Q
cranial
A
towards the head
12
Q
caudal
A
towards the tail
13
Q
dorsal (limbs)
A
front of the limb
14
Q
palmar (limbs)
A
back of the limb on forelimbs
15
Q
plantar (limbs)
A
back of the limb on pelvic limbs
16
Q
distal
A
away from the trunk
17
Q
proximal
A
towards the trunk
18
Q
medial
A
closer to the center plane/mid-line
19
Q
lateral
A
away from the center plane/mid-line
20
Q
superficial
A
towards the surface of the skin
21
Q
deep
A
away from the surface of the skin
22
Q
sagittal section/plane
A
parallel to but slightly off mid line to a median section
23
Q
brachium
A
the area between the shoulder and elbow joints
24
Q
antebrachium
A
the area between the elbow and carpus
25
manus
includes the bones of the carpus and distal bones
26
the elbow is _____ to the carpus
proximal
27
the belly is _____
ventral
28
on the head, the nose is ____ to the ears
rostral
29
________is towards the surface of the skin
superficial
30
The surface of the thoracic limb that is located closer to the center plane/mid line of an animal is the ____ surface
medial
31
the surface of the manus that contact the ground is the _____ surface
palmar
32
a sectioning of an animal that results in a mirror image of two sides is a _____ plane
median
33
the plane that is present between the dorsal and ventral aspects of the animal is the ____ section
frontal
34
the manus is the _____
the bones of the carpus and distal bones (bones of the "hand" and digits)
35
each digit has ____ phalanges
three
36
The bones of the ________make up the manus
carpus, metacarpal bones, and phalanges
37
Identify the action: movement of the limb toward the body/midline
adduction
38
the flexor surface of the elbow is the ___ surface
cranial
39
the hole at the distal end of the canine humerus is called the
supratrochlear foramen
40
lateral rotation of the paw so that the palmar aspect points dorsally is called _____
supination
41
the flexor surface of the carpus is the ____ aspect of the carpus
palmar
42
the flexor surface of the carpus is the ____ aspect of the carpus
palmar
43
medial rotation of the paw so that the palmar aspect of the paw points downward (ventrally) or backward (caudally) is called
pronation
44
a major difference of the equine humerus is the presence of the ____
intermediate tubercle
45
when comparing our large animal species to the cat/dog, one way to accommodate more weight is to straighten the limb by _______
lengthening the distal part of the limb
46
the species that has one digit is the ____
equine
47
the lateral splint bone of an equine is also referred to as the _____
metacarpal bone IV
48
which digits do/does the cow have?
3rd and 4th
49
the middle phalanx is _____ to the metacarpophalangeal joint
distal
50
which species lacks an acromial process of the scapula?
horse
51
the deep digital flexor muscle has what action on the carpus?
flex
52
a connective tissue structure that attaches bone to bone is a _____
ligament
53
the dorsal connective tissue septum between the right and left halves of the body is the ____
median raphe
54
the "muscular joint" that attaches the thoracic limb to the trunk is called a/an
synsarcosis
55
A muscle that adducts the thoracic limb
deep pectoral
56
the muscle that attaches to the tuber olecranon is the ______
triceps brachii
57
a function of the common digital extensor is to
extend the carpus and digits
58
the main blood supply to the entire forelimb/thoracic limb is the _____ artery
axillary
59
the brachial artery of the ____ passes through the suprachondylar foramen as it travels distally down the brachium
feline
60
the vein that travels down the dorsal manus, which is the dorsal branch of the major vein of the thoracic limb is the ________
accessory cephalic
61
the ______ artery branches off the axillary artery and supplies the shoulder region
sub scapular
62
the teres major and teres minor muscles are innervated by the _____ nerve
axillary
63
the radial nerve innervates the ______ muscle
common digital extensor
64
the nerve that innervates the flexors of the elbow is the ______ nerve
musculocutaneous
65
stimulation of the sub scapular nerve will have what action on the shoulder?
extension
66
the deep branch of the radial nerve is responsible for ______
muscular innervation of extensors of the carpus and digits
67
the _____ nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the craniolateral and dorsal aspects of the distal limb
radial
68
the ______ nerve passes through the suprachondylar foramen with the brachial artery in the feline
median
69
the sub scapular nerve innervates the ____ muscle
subscapularis
70
synsarcosis
joining muscle=muscular joint
71
humerus location
brachium
72
radius and ulna location
antebrachium
73
carpal, metacarpal and phalanges location
manus
74
flexion
toward the cranial and palmar surface; decreases the angle between the proximal and distal bones
75
extension
toward the caudal and dorsal surface; increases the angle between distal and proximal bones
76
abduction
movement of the limb away from the body
77
adduction
movement of the limb towards the body
78
rotation
rotational movement around a joint
79
supination
lateral rotation of the paw; eat soup from a spoon
80
pronation
medial rotation of the paw so that the palmar aspect of the paw points downward/backward
81
scapula
attaches to the trunk via a synsarcosis
82
subscapularis
flat medial surface of the scapula
83
fossa
scooped out area of the bone
84
supraspinous fossa
scooped out area in front of the spine of the scapula (cranial)
85
infraspinous fossa
scooped out area behind the spine of the scapula (caudal)
86
scapulohumeral joint
shoulder joint
87
suprahamate process (metacromion)
addition to the acromion in felines only
88
glenoid cavity
articulation of the head of the humerus to form the scapulohumeral joint
89
tubercle
area of bone that points out, a rounded projection
90
greater tubercle
located on humerus, lateral, larger, point of shoulder
91
head of the humerus
articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula, located on the caudal side of the humerus
92
supratrochlear foramen
canines only, above the trochlea of the humerus
93
supracondylar foramen
felines only, above the condyle of the humerus
94
the radius and ulna can rotate around each other to perform the action of _____
pronation and supination
95
olecrannon tuber
most proximal roughened surface of the olecrannon; where muscles attach
96
accessory carpal bone
site for muscular attachment, located on the palmar surface of the carpus, and on the lateral side
97
carpometacarpal joint
carpus articulates with metacarpal bones
98
most medial metacarpal bone in dogs
one
99
most lateral metacarpal bone in dogs
five
100
each metacarpal bone articulates with the proximal phalanx, forming the ____________
metacarpophalangeal joint
101
each digit has _______ phalanges
three; proximal, middle, distal
102
proximal interphalangeal joint
joint between each proximal and middle phalange
103
distal interphalangeal joint
joint between each middle and distal phalange
104
neck of the scapula
receding portion, most ventral part of scapula
105
serrated face
rough edges for muscle attachment
106
supraglenoid cavity
protrusion in front of glenoid cavity
107
scapular spine
long axis of scapula divided into cranial and caudal halves
108
acromion
distal extremity of the spine
109
deltoid tuberosity
the crest of the greater tubercle and the tricipital line
110
humeral condyle
trochlea + capitulum, primarily for weight bearing
111
intertubercular groove (horse)
divides the lesser and greater tubercles
112
medial epicondyle
larger, gives origin to the flexor muscles
113
lateral epicondyle
gives origin to the extensor muscles
114
radial notch
articulates with the articular circumference of the radius; forms medial+ lateral coronoid processes
115
trochlear notch
the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
116
anconeal process
the most proximal protrusion of the ulna
117
styloid process
Attachment to the short collateral ligament of the carpus
118
digitigrade
walk on digits, dogs and cats
119
unguligrade
walk on hooves, horses and cattle
120
radius/ulna in horses and cattle
completely or partially fused; no pronation/supination
121
metacarpus in horses
only MC III bears weight with MC II and MC IV as splint bones
122
metacarpus in cattle
fused MC III and MC IV, MC V is present and reduced, appearing more like a sesamoid bone
123
equine scapula
no acromion
124
bovine scapula
acromion, similar to dog
125
equine digits
only one digit (MC III), consisting of three bones; 2 sesamoid bones
126
bovine digits
two digits (MC III and MC IV), three bones; proximal and distal sesamoid bones
127
fascia
comprises of the layers of CT that separate the skin from underlying muscles and wraps around the individual muscles
128
superficial fascia
-loose CT located in the subcutis
-easily torn/separated, easily dissected away from underlying muscle
-contains fat deposits (in fat animals)
129
deep fascia
-deep to the superficial fascia
-composed of dense CT
-dense CT surrounds/separates individual muscles
-must be cut with scissors/scalpel
130
tendon
dense connective tissue structure that attaches muscle to bone or other CT
131
aponeurosis
a flat sheet of CT that attaches muscle to bone or other CT
132
ligament
dense CT that attaches bone to bone, common at joints
133
retinaculum
a connective tissue structure that holds tendons down, so to keep the tendons in place during movement
134
origin
the proximal tendon attachment
135
insertion
the distal tendon attachment
136
action
based on how is affects the joints it crosses
137
raphe
the dorsal connective tissue septum between the right and left halves of the body
138
bursa
-a synovial fluid-filled sac that reduces friction of a tendon on a bone
-not continuous with a joint capsule and tend to be associated with a bony process
139
extrinsic muscles
attach the limb to the trunk
140
list of extrinsic muscles in small animals
-superficial and deep pectoral
-brachiocephalicus
-omotransversarius
-trapezius
-cutaneous trunci
-latissimus dorsi
-rhomboideus
-serratus ventralis
141
superficial and deep pectoral mm. attachments
sternum and ventral median raphe to greater tubercle of the humerus
142
superficial and deep pectoral mm. action
adduction of the thoracic limb
143
deep pectoral m. attachments
sternum and ventral median raphe to the lesser tubercle of the humerus and to the greater tubercle via a aponeurosis
144
deep pectoral m. action
-adduction
-flex the shoulder joint
-extend the shoulder
-pull the limb caudally
145
brachiocephalicus m. location
arm to head
146
brachiocephalicus m. attachments
cranial part of the dorsal raphe and the distal cranial humerus
147
brachiocephalicus m. action
-advances limb
-extends shoulder
-turns the head/neck to the side
148
omotransversarius m. attachments
atlas to the shoulder blade ("omo")
149
omotransversarius m. action
either advance the limb or flex the neck laterally
150
trapezius m. attachments
dorsal median raphe to the scapular spine
151
trapezius m. action
-the shrug muscle
-elevates and abducts the forelimb
152
rhomboideus m. attachments
the skull, vertebrae, and dorsal median raphe to the dorsal scapula
153
rhomboideus m. action
elevate the thoracic limb and draw the scapula to the trunk
154
cutaneous trunci m. action
twitch muscle
155
latissimus dorsi m. attachments
thoracolumbar fascia and teres major tuberosity of the humerus
156
latissimus dorsi m. action
-angel wing shape, VERY strong
-pulls the limb caudally and also flexes the shoulder joint "digging joint"
157
serratus ventralis m. attachments
cervical vertebrae and ribs to the serrated face of the medial scapula
158
serratus ventralis m. actions
-supports the attachment of the limb to the trunk
-depresses the scapula
159
intrinsic muscles
originate and insert somewhere on the limb
160
deltoids m. attachments
both heads insert on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
161
deltoids m. action
flex shoulder
162
deltoids m. spinous head
arises from the scapular spine
163
deltoids m. acromial head
arises from the acromion of the scapula
164
supraspinatus m. attachments
supraspinous fossa to the greater tubercle of the humerus
165
supraspinatus m. action
-extends the shoulder joint
-lateral arm rotation
166
infraspinatus m. attachments
infraspinous fossa to the greater tubercle of the humerus
167
infraspinatus m. action
-can either cause extension or flexion depending on the position
-can rotate the arm laterally
168
teres minor m. attachments
caudal scapula and infraglenoid tubercle to the trees minor tuberosity
169
teres minor m. action
flexion
stabilizes the shoulder
170
teres major m. attachments
caudal scapula to teres major tuberosity of the humerus
171
teres major m.
-flexion of the shoulder
-rotate the arm medially
172
triceps brachii m. heads and attachments (all the same)
long, accessory, medial, lateral
insert into the olecranon tuber of the ulna
173
long head of triceps brachii m.
-the only head that originates on the scapula at the caudal border, passing the caudal aspect of the shoulder joint
-flexion of the shoulder joint
174
lateral head of the triceps brachii m.
lies just distal to the long head and originates from the proximal humerus
175
accessory head of the triceps brachii m.
lies under the lateral head, originates from the neck of the humerus
176
medial head of the triceps brachii m.
seen from the medial side
177
triceps brachii m. action
all extend the elbow
178
biceps brachii m. attachment
supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula to the craniotomy-proximal radius and ulna
179
biceps brachii m. action
-flexes the elbow
-also extends the shoulder joint
180
brachialis m. attachment
proximal humerus to the craniotomy-proximal radius and ulna
181
brachialis m. action
flexes the elbow
182
extensor carpi radialis m. attachment
lateral distal humerus to base of MC II and MC III
183
extensor carpi radialis m. action
extends carpus
184
common digital extensor m. attachment
lateral epicondyle of the humerus to distal phalanx of digits II-V
185
common digital extensor m. action
extends carpus and digits
186
lateral digital extensor m. attachment
lateral epicondyle of the humerus to all the phalanges of digits III, IV and V
187
lateral digital extensor m. action
extends carpus and joints of digits III-V
188
ulnas lateralis m. attachment
lateral epicondyle of the humerus to accessory carpal bone and MC V
189
ulnas lateralis m. action
-flexes the carpus
-abducts the carpus
190
supinator m. action
rotate ante brachium laterally (supination) and flex elbow
191
supinator m. attachment
lateral epicondyle to cranial surface of radius
192
abductor pollicis longus m. attachment
craniolateral ulna to MC I
193
abductor pollicis longus m. action
abducts the thumb (digit 1), Pollicis refers to the thumb
194
pronator teres m. attachment
craniomedial aspect of the proximal antebrachium
195
pronator teres m. action
-to pronate: rotate the ante brachium medially
-flexes the elbow
196
flexor carpi radialis m. attachment
medial epicondyle of humerus to palmar base of MC II and III
197
flexor carpi radialis m. action
flexes carpus
198
superficial digital flexor m. attachment
medial epicondyle of humerus to palmar base of the middle phalanx of digits II, III, IV, and V
199
superficial digital flexor m. action
flexes carpus and metacarpophalangeal and distal interphalageal joints of digits II-V
200
flexor carpi ulnaris m. attachment
olecranon and medial epicondyle of humerus to accessory carpal bone
201
flexor carpi ulnas m. action
flexes carpus
202
deep digital flexor m. attachment
palmar base of distal phalanx of each digit
203
deep digital flexor m. action
flexes carpus and all joints of digits I-V
204
axillary a.
-the main blood supply to the forelimb
-becomes the brachial artery midway down the brachium
205
subscapular a.
-branches off the axillary artery midway between its origin and the elbow joint
-it supports the medial and lateral aspects of the shoulder region
206
brachial a. in felines
-the feline brachial artery passes through the suprachondylar foramen as it passes distally
207
common interosseous a.
short common trunk, last branch off brachial a. that dives between the radius and the ulna
208
median a.
-the continuation of the brachial a. after it gives off the common interosseous a.
-the main source off blood to the manus
209
cephalic v.
-cranial aspect of the ante brachium
-common for venipuncture and intravenous catheters
210
accessory cephalic v.
travels up the dorsal manus to meet cephalic v.
211
brachial plexus
-cluster of nerves that collectively supplies the thoracic limb
-located in the axilla (armpit)
212
suprascapular n.
lies ahead of the scapula, wraps around the neck of the scapula cranially, innervates the supra and infraspinatus mm.
213
subscapular n.
primarily innervates the subscapularis m.
214
what would a loss of innervation of the suprascapular n. affect?
stability of glenohumeral joint
215
axillary n.
situated in the axilla, dives into the medial musculature and travels into the lateral shoulder muscles in innervate teres major m., teres minor m., deltoideus m., and subscapuaris m.
216
radial n. innervates the ______________?
extensors of the elbow, carpus and digits
217
radial n. innervation path
triceps brachii mm. (all heads of muscle group)--> around the humerus--> very superficially on the elbow joint --> superficial and deep branch
218
radial n. superficial branch
follow cephalic v. and supplies cutaneous sensation to the craniolateral and dorsal aspects of the distal limb
219
radial n. deep branch
-supplies all craniolateral muscles of the antebrachium
-primarily focuses on the extension of the carpus and digits
220
musculocutaneous n.
-opposite of radial n.
-innervates the flexors of the elbow joint, the biceps brachii m., and the brachial m.
-also supplies cutaneous sensation to the medial aspect of the brachium and antebrachium
221
median n.
travels in common with the brachial a. on the medial aspect of the elbow
222
in felines, the median n. travels together with the ___________ through the suprachondylar foramen
brachial a.
223
ulnar n.
passes medially and is quite superficial
224
ulnar n. innervation
innervates the lateral metacarpus and entire 5th digit
225
median n. and ulnar n. innervations
cutaneous sensation to the caudal antebrachium/palmar manus and motor movement to the caudomedial mm. of the antebrachium
226
what nerve could cause pain if venipuncture of the cephalic vein is done incorrectly?
superficial branch of the radial nerve
227
what major nerve in the brachial plexus innervates the supra- and infraspinatus mm.?
supra scapular nerve
228
what nerve stimulates flexion of the elbow joint?
musculocutaenous n.
229
muscle that flexes the shoulder in the large animal
latissimus dorsi
230
function of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle in the horse
flex the carpus
231
the carpal check ligament attaches just distal to the carpus and attaches to the _____ muscle
deep digital flexor
232
which muscle is a prominent extension of cutaneous trunk m. that extends superficially across the shoulder region?
cutaneous omobrachialis
233
in the horse, the distal sesamoidean ligaments act to support the fetlock and keep it from _________
hyperextending
234
the part of the stay apparatus that connects the biceps brachii muscle to the extensor carpi radials muscle is called
lacerates fibrosis
235
the component of the stay apparatus that creates an unbroken line of force form the shoulder to the metacarpus is the _________
lacertus fibrosis
236
latissimus dorsi m. large animal attachments
thoracolumbar fascia and teres major tuberosity of the humerus
237
superficial pectoral m. large animal action
responsible for adduction and advancement of the thoracic limb
238
superficial pectoral m. large animal attachment
sternum, deltoid tuberosity and proximal antebrachium
239
serratus ventralis m. action large animal
support and raise the trunk, act as a sling for the trunk
240
cutaneous omobrachialis m. large animal
extension of the cutaneous trunci m. across the shoulder region
241
cutaneous colli m. attachment large animal
passes over the ventral neck
242
cutaneous colli m. large animal clinical relevance
helps to protect the carotid artery by separating it from the superficial jugular vein
243
brachiocephalicus m. large animal attachment
skull and cervical vertebrae to the deltoid tuberosity and the fascia associated with the shoulder and arm
244
brachiocephalicus m. large animal action
draws the limb cranially, extend the shoulder and extend the head and neck when both sides work together
245
omotransversarius m. large animal attachment
vertebrae to the spine of the scapula
246
omotransversarius m. large animal action
-flex the neck when both sides work together
-when one side is engaged it bends the neck laterally and advance the limb when the limb is not bearing weight
247
what makes the deltoids m. different in horses?
there is no acromial head, so one head
248
what makes the triceps brachii m. group different in horses?
the equine DOES NOT have an accessory head, so it only has three heads
249
lacertus fibrosis
-CT found ONLY in equine, attaches to carpi radials m. from biceps brachii m.
-acts to flex the elbow and when engaged in the stay apparatus it acts to fix the shoulder and elbow in extension
250
brachialis m. large animal attachment
proximal humerus to the medial-distal radius
251
brachialis m. large animal action
flexes the elbow
252
because large animal cannot pronate/supinate, they lack ___________?
supinator and pronator teres mm. (equine)
supinator m. (bovine)
253
extensor carpi radialis m. large animal attachment
lateral epicondyle to the proximal metacarpus
254
common digital extensor m. large animal attachment
-originates from all three bones of the elbow joint: distal humerus, proximal radius, and proximal ulna
-extensor process of the distal phalanx of digit 3 (equine)
-digit 3 and 4 on bovine
255
lateral digital extensor m. attachment large animal
-lateral radius and ulna to the dorsal aspect of the middle phalanx of digit 3 (equine) and digit 4 (bovine)
256
ulnaris lateralis m. large animal attachment
-lateral epicondyle to the accessory carpal bone and the proximal MC IV
257
ulnaris lateralis m. large animal action
flex the carpus and extend the elbow
258
flexor carpi ulnaris m. large animal attachment
originates from the medial epicondyle and attaches to accessory carpal bone
259
flexor carpi ulnaris m. large animal action
flex the carpus and extend the elbow
260
flexor carpi radialis m. large animal attachment
medial epicondyle to the MC II (equine) and MC III/IV (bovine)
261
superficial digital flexor m. large animal attachment
medial epicondyle and attaches to the proximal aspect of the middle phalanx and the distal phalanx of digit 3 (equine) and the proximal aspect of the middle phalanx of digits 3 and 4 in the bovine
262
superficial digital flexor m. large animal action
flex the carpus and digits, extends the elbow
263
deep digital flexor m. large animal attachment
originates from the medial epicondyle and the olecranon and the radius to the distal phalanx of digit 3 (equine) and distal phalanx of digit 3 and 4 (bovine)
264
deep digital flexor m. large animal action
flex the carpus and digits, extension of the elbow
265
Radial/proximal check ligament attaches to
the superficial digital flexor m.
266
Carpal/distal check ligament attaches to the
deep digital flexor m.
267
distal sesamoidean ligaments
support the fetlock and help keep it from hyperextending
268
suspensory ligament
-suspends the fetlock joint and keeps it from hyperextending
-deep to the deep digital flexor m. on the palmar aspect of the cannon bone
269
palmar annular ligament
binds the tendons and ligaments down on the palmar surface of the fetlock joint
270
what is an extensor of the elbow in the large animal
lateral head of the triceps brachii
271
medial palmar a. large animal
main blood supply to the digit of the horse
272
radial a. and lateral palmar a. large animal
serves as collateral circulation in case of an obstruction to the medial palmar a.
273
in bovines, what is the main artery that supplies blood to the metacarpus?
common digital artery III
274
dorsal common digital v. III in bovine importance
helps to perform nerve blocks
275
the main blood supply to the equine digit is the ______
median palmar artery
276
a pulse can be taken in the long pastern region of the horse at the ______ artery
median digital
277
in the horse, the median artery trifurcates into the medial palmar artery, the lateral palmar artery, and the _______ artery
radial
278
the ______ veins are bundled with the medial and lateral digital arteries at the distal limb of the horse
medial and lateral digital
279
in the bovine, the ______ vein at the digit drains proximally into the accessory cephalic vein
dorsal common digital III
280
medial palmar n. in horses attachment
at the level of fetlock gives off a dorsal branch, then continues as medial palmar digital n. at the fetlock
281
medial palmar n. in horses innervation
the palmar part of the fetlock joint capsule
282
palmar digital n. in horses innervation
skin and deep structures on the palmar aspect of the pastern, hoof, and coffin joint
283
dorsal branch in horses innervation
innervates most of the skin of the fetlock, the dorsal part of the pastern, dorsal aspect of the coronary band and the dorsal laminae of the foot
284
communicating branch in horses
connects medial and lateral palmar nn. at level of the mid metacarpal bone
285
lateral palmar n. in horses attachment
at level of fetlock gives off a dorsal branch, then continues as lateral palmar digital n.
286
lateral palmar n. in horses innervation
palmar part of the fetlock joint capsule
287
deep branch of lateral palmar n. in horses
at level of carpus and dives deep with close association with metacarpal bones
288
medial palmar metacarpal n. in horses
-close association with MC II
-innervates the entire fetlock joint capsule and part of the cutaneous area on the dorsal aspect of the fetlock and pastern
289
lateral palmar metacarpal n. in horses
-close association with MC IV
-innervates the entire fetlock joint capsule and part of the cutaneous area on the dorsal aspect of the fetlock and pastern
290
lateral palmar digital n. in horses innervation
innervates skin and deep structures on the palmar aspect of the pastern, hoof, and coffin joint
291
dorsal branch of the lateral palmar n. in horses innervation
innervates most of the skin of the fetlock, the dorsal part of the pastern, the dorsal aspect of the coronary band, and dorsal laminae of the foot
292
the nerves supplying touch sensation to the equine foot arise proximally from the ______ nerve
median
293
True or False: the nerves located distal to the carpus act to innervate sensory and muscle innervation
false
294
due to the fact that the hose lacks an acromion of the scapula, the ____ nerve is prone to damage
suprascapular
295
the medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nerves come from a proximal deep branch off the ________ nerve
lateral palmar
296
the sensory innervation of the fetlock joint, along with the medial and lateral palmar nn., is supplied by the _________ nerve(s)
medial and lateral palmar metacarpal
297
suprascapular n. in horses
susceptible to nerve damage from harnesses, can cause loss of innervation to the supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm, leading to atrophy
298
Median n. in horses
supplies foot touch sensation, splits at the carpus into: lateral palmar n. and medial palmar n.
299
Deep branch of the lateral palmar n. branches into:
medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nn.
300
medial and lateral palmar metacarpal nn. contributes to the
sensory innervation of the fetlock joint, along with the medial and lateral palmar nn.
301
lateral palmar digital n. in horses innervation
innervates the skin and deep structures on the palmar part of the pastern, hoof, and coffin joint
302
dorsal branch of the lateral palmar digital n. innervation
innervates most of the skin of the fetlock, dorsal part of the pastern, dorsal aspect of the coronary band and dorsal laminae of the foot
