Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

Ultrasound

Answer 1

allows health-care professionals to visualize structures, in real-time, superficial to deep by recording ultrasonic sound waves reflecting off the tissues

Answer 2

-Film is in standard position for viewing as previously discussed for plain (x-ray) films for right and left of the film. -When viewing cross-sections (transverse) images, imagine that you, the health-care professional, are situated at the “foot-end of the bed” looking up towards the head-end of the patient. This is how you look at the film or monitor

Answer 3

1 viable oocyte (finite resource) and 4 viable sperms (easily replenished)

Answer 4

failure of homologous chromosomes to separate, resulting in some gametes with extra chromosomes, and others with not enough

Answer 5

1. ovulation 2. fertilization (day 1) 3. cleavage 4. implantation into superior-posterior wall of uterus (implantation = pregnancy) Highlights: * Zygote divides into morula, a ball of ~16-32 cells * Blastocyst develops – Embryoblast (inner) -> the future embryo – Trophoblast (outer)-> embryonic contribution to placenta * Begin implantation into endometrium * Trophoblast divides into: – Syncytiotrophoblast -> invades endometrium – Cytotrophoblast -> contributes cells to syncytiotrophoblast & to future placenta

Answer 6

* Embryoblast differentiates into bilaminar disc (hypoblast and epiblast) * Cavities change & new ones appear: – Amniotic cavity forms within epiblast – Blastocyst cavity -> exocoelomic cavity -> primary umbilical vesicle – Secondary umbilical vesicle forms – Extra-embryonic coelom -> chorionic cavity – Chorionic cavity: houses the embryo, amniotic sac, & (secondary) umbilical vesicle * Primordial uteroplacental circulation will start to develop

Answer 7

-In Embryo: earliest directly from endometrium. Then, blood/nutrient supply provided by Yolk Sac (Umbilical Vesicles) from ~week 2- latest week 12. -Connected to gut tube via vitelline duct (aka: Omphalomesenteric duct or yolk stalk ). ~12 wks Yolk Sac resorbed into primordial gut tube

Answer 8

-begins week 2 -Lacunar network will be replaced by placenta -Maternal placental contributions: Decidual cells (from within endometrium) -Embryonic placental contribution: Primary chorionic villa from cytotrophoblas -During weeks 4-12 placenta continues to mature & takes over embryo/fetal nourishment by ~week 12 to 42+ weeks) -Oxygen, nutrients delivered to embryo/fetus via Umbilical Vein

Answer 9

* Early days: embryo nourished by endometrium and Yolk Sac (umbilical vesicles) * Early Week 2: lacunar network forms between mother & embryo * Later Week 2: Formation of placenta -maternal contribution: decidual cells of endometrium -embryonic contribution: chorionic villa of cytotrophoblast * Weeks 4-12: Maturation of placenta & placental barrier -umbilical vein: delivers oxygen & nutrients to embryo/fetus -umbilical arteries: transport wastes and CO2 away from embryo/fetus Placental barrier ensures most RBCs don’t mix between mother and fetus (but not 100% effective)

Answer 10

-Gastrulation -Bilaminar -> Trilaminar disc -Begins with primitive streak -All three layers from epiblast!

Answer 11

-Ectoderm (and neuroectoderm): epidermis, nervous system, retina -Mesoderm : muscles, connective tissue, bones, dermis * paraxial (somites); intermediate (UG tract); lateral (body walls) * Notochord -Endoderm: epithelial lining of respiratory & GI systems

Answer 12

* Rod of mesoderm * Defines embryo’s midline (axis) * Signals ectoderm to start neurulation * Basis of axial skeleton * Remains as nucleus pulposus (intervertebral disc)

Answer 13

-Neural Tube -> Central Nervous System -Neural Crest -> Peripheral Nervous System cells, facial bones... and more! -Clinical correlates: -Spina Bifida: Failure of the caudal neuropore to close properly during the 1st month of pregnancy -Anencephaly: -Failure of the rostral neuropore to close properly during the 1st month of pregnancy

Answer 14

-Somatopleure -> Becomes body walls -Splanchnopleure -> Becomes the gut wall -Intra-embryonic coelom -> Body cavities

Answer 15

-Folding of lateral walls -makes visible remnant on pregnant belly : Linea Nigra. This line develops during pregnancy due to hormonal changes. It actually represents the resultant “seam” of lateral folding during the mother’s/surrogate’s own embryological development. -Clinical Correlates: Folding “Failures”" Gastroschisis and Ectocardia

Answer 16

-Somites Each somite forms 3 segments: 1. Sclerotome  vertebrae and ribs (affected by spina bifida) 2. Myotome  muscle mass w/ spinal nerve 3. Dermatome  dermis layers of skin w/ spinal nerve

Answer 17

Bilaminar disc develops into a trilaminar disc via gastrulation – Embryonic ectoderm, endoderm, & mesoderm (all from epiblast) * Notochord forms and signals ectoderm to begin neurulation – Neural tube becomes CNS & Neural crest cells become part of PNS (and other structures) * Lateral mesoderm divides via coelomic vesicles – Somatopleura (somatic mesoderm + ectoderm) -> body wall – Splanchnopleura (splanchnic mesoderm + endoderm) -> gut walls – Intra-embryonic coelom -> future body cavities (e.g., where your abdominal organs will be located) * Paraxial mesoderm organizes into somites. (week 4) – Somites organize into sclerotomes, myotomes, and dermatomes

Answer 18

-C1-7 -T1-12 -L1-5 -S1-5 -Co1-4

Answer 19

Kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis

Answer 20

-Acromioclavicular Joint: -relatively weak plane joint with limited mobility -some rotation of the acromion process occurs here accompanied by movement -Sternoclavicular Joint: mobile saddle joint surrounded by strong ligaments all scapular motion is accompanied by movement -Glenohumeral Joint: -extremely mobile and relatively weak -motion at this joint is often accompanied by motion at the sternoclavicular and acromioclav

Answer 21

elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, inferior rotation, superior rotation

Answer 22

Superficial Fascia: * Subcutaneous tissue * Primarily adipose tissue * Varies in thickness Deep Fascia: * Dense connective tissue layer * Lies deep to superficial fascia Investing Fascia: * Extensions of deep fascia surrounding muscles & neurovascular bundles

Answer 23

-Superficial Extrinsic mm * Move upper limb -Deep Extrinsic mm * Accessory mm of respiration

Answer 24

-Origins = midline: occipital bone, nuchal lig, cervical & thoracic spinous processes -Insertions = upper limb: Scapular spine, acromion process, 1/3 of clavicle -Actions = varies by fibers: Elevate & depress scapula Retract scapula Superiorly rotate scapula Extend/laterally flex neck -Innervation = Accessory n (CN XI) * Exits via jugular foramen * Innervates Trapezius & Sternocleidomastoid mm * Runs with transverse cervical arter

Answer 25

-Origins = midline: Spinous processes of lower thoracic verts, thoracolumbar fascia -Insertions = upper limb: Anterior humerus (intertubercular sulcus) *Note: wraps medially and around to front of arm -Actions = ADDucts, extends, & medially rotates arm Can also attach to inferior angle of scapula and assist with scapular movements (retraction, inferior rotation

Answer 26

-Origins = midline: Transverse processes of C1-C4 -Insertions = upper limb: Superior part of medial border of scapula -Actions = Elevates & inferiorly rotates scapula Assist with neck extension

Answer 27

-Rhomboid minor O: Spinous processes of C7-T1 I: med border scapula, @ spine -Rhomboid major O: Spinous processes of T2-T5 I: med border scapula, inf to spine Actions Retract & elevate scapula, inf rotation

Answer 28

-Serratus Posterior Superior O: spinous processes of C7-T3 I: superior borders ribs 2-5 A: elevates ribs -Serratus Posterior Inferior O: spinous processes of T11-L2 I: inferior borders or ribs 8-12 A: depresses ribs -Both are accessory muscles of respiration & important in proprioception -Innervation: intercostal nerves (ventral primary rami) SPS SPI R’s

Answer 29

-Cutaneous nerves (and vessels) pierce muscles on way to skin at regular intervals. -Correspond to dermatomes (segmental pattern from development, representing a single spinal nerve level).

Exam 1 Flashcards

(56 cards)