Exam 1

Question 1

-All disease have the molecular/ cellular bassis

Answer 1

true

Question 2

DNA ->mrna -> protein

Answer 2

Central dogma

Question 3

DNA -> mrna
Mrna-> protein

Answer 3

DNA -> mrna (transcription)
Mrna-> protein (translation)

Question 4

RNA

Answer 4

A,c,g,u
Single stranded
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
- Anticodons
- Codes for amino acids
mRNA has codons, the anti-codon is then attached to the amino acid and that how they’re added to this elongating polypeptide

Question 5

DNA

Answer 5

Nucleosides
Antiparallel double helix
a, c, g, t

Question 6

Histone proteins

Answer 6

determines how genes get transcribed

Question 7

• Either heterochromatin- inactive, dense

-euchromatin, unwind disperse, active

Answer 7

o Can be chemically modified which changes the way it binds to DNA, winds and unwinds and regulates the expression, transcription of them, chemically modified= can be methylated or acetylated

Question 8

Enhancer and silencers

Answer 8

enhancer-increase transcption (segments of DNA that regulate transcription)

Silencer- decrease transcription

Question 9

What part are the enhancers and silencers part of?

Answer 9

Part of the DNA sequence itself

Question 10

Transcription factors – other proteins from other places that bind to DNA

What are some examples?

Answer 10

Activators and repressors

Activators bind to enhancers increases transcription AE
Repressors bind to silences decrease transcription RS
-PROTEINS (activators and repressors) RAP

Question 11

Alterative splicing:

Answer 11

• If you transcribe and keep all exons together can anchor igM, if you splice, then itll get secreted
• Can be same gene and can have altering disease

Question 12

NON-coding RNA

What are the housekeeping and which are the regulatory?

Answer 12

• Housekeeping tRNA, rRNA
• regulatory incRNA, sncRNA small, circular

Question 13

micro-RNA

Answer 13

22 base pairs roughly 20 base pairs

-most of the time it leads to silencing of the gene (post translational), but can also stimulate

-modified, attaches to some proteins, bind to mrna can be repressed= silence the gene (double check)

Question 14

siRNA- small interfering RNA

Answer 14

• dsRNA: can be used to block certain genes (interfere with translation of specific mRNA)
• useful in research to study the function of a gene

Question 15

LncRNA- Regulate expression of the genes

Answer 15

1-long segments
2-modify gene expression
3-interact with transcription facts to increase or decrease expression of gene
4-bind to rna polymerase and cause it to transcribe a gene and allows for chemical modification and change in chemical leads to different expression
5-have a pivotal role in progression of disease
6-can be biomarkers or future targets for personalized medicine

Question 16

Genetic variation (polymorphisms):

Answer 16

Within 0.5% we see susceptibility to disease

Question 17

SNPS: single nucleotide polymorphisms

Answer 17

• happens across the whole genome
• if its next to a disease gene, can be used to track, (CAN BE A MARKER)
• when occurs in noncoding regions can affect regulatory regions-> altered gene expression

Question 18

copy number variation:

Answer 18

• leads to variation between people
• 1000 million of bases pairs repeated

Question 19

Gene editing:

Answer 19

• have CRISPER elements, repeated DNA with palindromic, can cut gene and replace it with a new gene, like if you have a bad gene can replace it with a better one

Question 20

RER

Answer 20

• has ribosomes make proteins, secreting them= secreting proteins

Question 21

SER

Answer 21

no proteins, making lipids, varies from cell to cell
- LIVER- drug detoxification
- helps make the protein but no transportation

Question 22

Golgi

Answer 22

• packages, modifies, and transport out of the cell

Question 23

Proteosome

Answer 23

• tags using ubiquitin, and degrades, helps break down bad proteins= peptide fragement= get rid of bad proteins

Question 24

Lysosome

Answer 24

• damages organelles and micrbones
• old organelles and lysosome fuse and exocytosis= destroys organelles and throws outside the cell
• HELPS WITH EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL functions..

Question 25

Peroxisome

Answer 25

- breaks down long chain fatty acids into h202 and catalase with them into water

Question 26

Mitochondria- apoptosis-

Answer 26

-mitochondrial DNA is unique -maternally inherited from mother -can shift things away and can produce lipids, nucleic acids and proteins instead; based on cellular signals, nutrients, and O2 availability -regulate whether the cell undergoes cell death or not based on its ability to produce energy, central role in regulation of programmed cell death apoptosis and necrosis

Question 27

phospholipids

Answer 27

- distributed asymmetrically; heterogenous collection - have protein component (integral transmembrane protein and negatively charges on inside, on the outside is bound to carbohydrate to form- Glycolipids and glycoproteins= glycocalyx= is a barrier and has a large role on how it interacts with other cells - PROTEINS INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR - cell-cell interactions - cell-matrix interactions

Question 28

Transport non charged?

Answer 28

- passive diffusion: o2, co2, smaller polar molecules, urea, not charged = channel proteins

Question 29

transport pt2, what if charged?

Answer 29

if charged = then need carrier proteins because need energy to transport across aTP DEPENDANT

Question 30

What is the concentration gradient?

Answer 30

Inside cell- maintains a negative charge, and outside is positively charged to have a constant gradient – formed by sodium ATPASE, otherwise would have influx of water= cell swelling

Question 31

Cytoskeleton

Answer 31

keeps shape of cell Highway that connects everything together

Question 32

Actin

Answer 32

giving shape and movement

Question 33

Intermediate

Answer 33

tensile strength

Question 34

Microtubuiles

Answer 34

large fibrils that help move organelles aroundthe cell -DIMER proteins made of tubulin -KNOW MOVEMENT negative- near nucleus dynenin toward, positive- near cytosol elongates -Core of cilia and flagella -Helps move organelles throughout the cell -2 chemotherapy drugs to treat cancer- the way to treat is to inhibit microtubule function and then cannot spread around to other organelles ****= kills the cell

Question 35

Occluding jxns: tight junctions

Answer 35

- Gastrointestinal epithelium, prevent movement of molecules between cells - Maintains cells polarity (apical and basal ends)

Question 36

Anchoring jnx: desomsomes

Answer 36

- Help work as a unit, mechanically attaches the rest of the cell to each other and connects them to the cytoskeleton

Question 37

Communicating jxn:

Answer 37

- Can transport ca2+ which helps the heart contract; cardiac muscle - Reduced permeability by lower pH or increased intracellular calcium

Question 38

Hemidesmosome

Answer 38

- Connect the cell to a basement membrane, integrin proteins are adhesive component to hold that component of the hemidesmosome to the basement membrane

Question 39

ECM-outside the cell

Answer 39

- Mechanical support and anchoring them to each other - Matrix controls whether cell proliferates, growth factors and nutrients= influence ability to grow - Create microenvironments. - Composed of: interstitial matrix (fibroblast, made by mesenchymal cells) and basement membrane that connects directly to epithelium

Question 40

Fibrous structural proteins

Answer 40

- Collagen and elastin- tensile strength-

Question 41

Water hydrated gels- compressible

Answer 41

made byyyy proteoglycans - Proteoglycans- water hydrated = provide resilience

Question 42

Adhesive glycogoproteins: link them together 3 of them???

Answer 42

- fibronectin- connect ECM component to cells helps bind all the different components, a binding site (INTEGRINS, HEPARIN,FIBRIN all can bind (BINDING SITE) -laminin-attaches cells to basement membranes. connecting to basement membranes like type 4 collagen -integrins= ALSO like laminin connects basement membrane and connect extracellular matrix to cells

Question 43

How do cells communicate:

Answer 43

-Paracrine- affect the other cell -Autocrine- cells signaling itseld -Synaptic- neurons -Endocrine- release in the bloodstream then goes to a distant site

Question 44

Intracellular- hydrophobic- cause transcription

Answer 44

-Activated by a lipid type molecule that can go through the membrane and bind through its receptor intracellularly , vitamin D and steroid horomone

Question 45

Cell surface-

Answer 45

=Ligand bind to it, open channels, activare g protein= lead to cell change/function

Question 46

What are examples of cell surface?

Answer 46

oKinase activity- add a phosphate residue oNon receptor: ligand will beind and recruit a tryrosine kinase molecuels oG protein- CAM (second messenger) multiple effects oIp3- release ca2+ THESE ARE TWO MAIN WAYS that activate other things- STIMULATE

Question 47

Explain the method of growth factors? in this it would be cell surface

Answer 47

-1 activates g protein 2- stimulates second messanger molecules= leads to transcription of some molecule that change cell function

Question 48

Most signaling:

Answer 48

Cell function changes bc a change happen IN GENE TRANSCRIPTION= leads to undergo conformational changes (due to phosphorylation) and allows translocation to the nucleus, binding to DNA and alteration in transcription of genes.