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Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Anterior/Posterior

A

A: front
P: back

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2
Q

Dorsal/Ventral

A

Dorsal: back
Ventral: front

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3
Q

Cranial/Caudal

A

Cranial: toward the head
Caudal: away from the head

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4
Q

Medial/Lateral

A

Medial: toward the midline
Lateral: away from the midline

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5
Q

Proximal/Distal

A

On limbs
P: toward the body
D: away from the body

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6
Q

Superficial/Deep

A

S: toward the surface
D: deeper into the body

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7
Q

Median Plane

A

Vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves
There is also a median plane for the hands and feet.

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8
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Vertical plane that divides the body into uneven right and left halves.

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9
Q

Frontal or Coronal Plane

A

Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

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10
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

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11
Q

Supine/Prone

A

S: lying on back
P: lying on front

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12
Q

Flexion vs. Extension

A

F: bringing two sides closer together
E: moving two sides farther away

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13
Q

Opposition vs Reposition

A

O: touching thumb to another finger
R: Reverse, separating thumb from finger

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14
Q

Supination vs Pronation

A

Forearms twisting
S: Palm up
P: Palm down

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15
Q

Abduction vs Adduction

A

Ab: moving limb away from the midline
Ad: moving limb toward the midline

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16
Q

Lateral/Medial Rotation

A

Lateral: rotating away from the midline
Medial: rotating toward the midline

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17
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular movement of a limb

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18
Q

Inversion vs Eversion

A

I: tilting the foot so the plantar surface faces the midline
E: plantar surface facing away from the midline

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19
Q

Elevation vs Depression

A

Shoulders, Mandible
E: moving something up
D: moving it down

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20
Q

Protrusion vs. Retrusion

A

Mandible
P: moving it straight out or ahead
R: moving it backwards

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21
Q

Protraction vs. Retraction

A

Shoulders
P: moving them forward
R: moving them backwards

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22
Q

Apical/Basal Surfaces in Epithelia

A

A: exterior
B: basement membrane, connects epithelium to connective tissue

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23
Q

3 Specialized Epithelial Cells

Study These Flashcards
A

Microvilli: increase surface area for absorption
Cilia: move substances over apical surface
Stereocilia: long microvilli used for mechanosensing in the inner ear

24
Q

4 Epithelial Cell Shapes

Study These Flashcards
A

Squamous: flat
Cuboidal: cube
Columnar: taller than wide
Transitional: changes shape under pressure

25
4 Epithelial Cell Layer Arrangements
Simple: single layer Stratified: multiple layers Pseudostratified: single layer appearing to be stratified Transitional
26
3 Secretory Mechanisms for Glandular Epithelia
Merocrine: exocytosis of small vesicles Apocrine: apical portion of cell is lost along with some cytoplasm Holocrine: bursting of glandular cells
27
3 Types of Connective Tissue Proper
Loose: low fiber content, most superficial fascia Dense Regular: high fiber content arranged linearly to resist linear force; deep fascia surrounding muscle groups, tendons, ligaments Dense Irregular: high fiber content in multiple directions to resist force in mult directions; capsules of liver and spleen, nerve sheeths, dermis
28
3 Types of Cartilage
Hyaline: smooth and glassy, reduces friction between bone surfaces Fibrous: resists compression while preventing bone to bone contact; intervertebral discs, menisci of knee Elastic: flexible support of structures; external ear, epiglottis
29
Keratinized vs Nonkeratinized
K: no liquid; skin NK: usually wet; mouth, vagina
30
Epidermis General Info (4)
Keratinized stratified squamous epith 5 cell layers Cells move SF as growth occurs Avascular so doesn't heal well (peeling)
31
5 Layers of the Epidermis
SF to Deep Stratum corneum- cells are "bags of keratin", Kerat combined with glycolipid to add water resistance, soft Keratin Stratum Lucidum-present only in thick skin (soles of feet), high conc of immature kerat, most cellular organelles disrupted Stratum Granulosum- cells become flattened, keratohyalin granules present (packed with immature keratin), cells begin dying Stratum Spinosum- primarily keratinocytes (prickle cells), desmosomes, responsible for mechanical strength of skin Stratum Germinativum (Basale)- single layer of cells on BM that divide and migrate up, cuboidal/columnar shape, include keratinocytes and melanocytes.
32
Dermis General Info
Dense irregular cx tissue under epidermis. Dermal/epidermal junction is irregular; epidermal ridges, dermal papillae, and dermal ridges. 2 layers: papillary layer and reticular layer.
33
Hypodermis
Loose Cx tissue: immune system, blood cells, adipocytes. Indistinct boundary with dermis. Superficial fascia.
34
Parts of the Nail: Matrix Nail plate/body Nail bed Eponychium Hyponychium
M: germinative zone, nail starts to grow and pushes dead cells forward NP: dead cells containing keratin NB: skin deep to fingernail E: thick skin, aka cuticle H: skin under the free edge of the nail.
35
Vertebra Prominens Post Median Furrow Venusian Dimples
VP: Spinous process of C7, base of neck PMF: where skin connects to spinous processes VD: dimples at bottom of back, posterior superior iliac spine
36
Scoliosis Kyphosis Lordosis
S: excessive lateral flexion K: excessive thoracic flexion (old lady) L: excessive lumbar extension (pregnant)
37
Annulus Fibrosus Nucleus Pulposus Herniated disk
AF: fibrocartilage, shock absorber NP: jelly-like, holds water, can swell during recumbency HD: NP escapes AF and touches spinal cord
38
Transverse foramina/Foramen Transversarium
Holes in the TPs of cervical vertebra that hold the vertebral arteries.
39
Atlas & Axis
Atlas: C1, no body, has superior articular facets that articulate with skull at the occipital condyles (atlantooccipital joint). Axis: C2, has a body, dens/odontoid process that is the pivot around which the head can rotate together with the atlas.
40
Ligamentum Nuchae Ligamentum Flavum
LN: runs posterior to cervical spine from EOP to vertebra prominens. LF: runs along lamina of vertebra, prevents excessive distance between lamina.
41
Anterior/Posterior Longitudinal Ligaments
Run ant/post to vertebral bodies.
42
Trapezius Muscle: Attachments Functions Innervation
A: medial third of sup nuchal line; EOP; Ligamentum nuchae; lateral third of clavicle; acromion, spine of scapula. F: Shoulders- elevation, depression, retraction, rotation of scapula. I: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), spinal nerves C3 and C4.
43
Latissimus Dorsi: Attachments, Function, Innervation, Blood Supply
A: thoracolumbar fascia; T7 to sacrum; inf angle of scapula; iliac crest; lower ribs; humerus. F: extension, adduction, and medial rotation of the humerous. I: thoracodorsal nerve BS: thoracodorsal artery
44
Levator Scapulae: Attachments, Functions, Innervation, Blood Supply
A: vertebral border of scapula above spine; transverse processes of C1-C4. F: elevation of scapula. I: dorsal scapular nerve BS: dorsal scapular artery.
45
Rhomboid Major/Minor: Attachments, Functions, Innervation, Blood Supply
A: minor at root of scapular spine & lig nuch and spinous process of C7; major below scapular spine and spinous processes C7-T4. F: retraction and rotation of scapula/shoulder. I: dorsal scapular nerve BS: dorsal scapular artery.
46
Serratus Posterior Superior/Inferior: A, F, I
A: Spinous process and ribs F: Sup- forced inhalation; Inf- forced exhalation. I: intercostal nerves.
47
Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis A, F
Capitis is superior to cervicis. A: capitis- mastoid process, superior nuchal line, lig nuch; cervicis- TPs of C1-3, SP T3-6. F: Bilateral extension of the head; Unilateral, ipsilateral head rotation.
48
Erector Spinae Muscles & Attachments
Iliocostalis: most lateral; attached from ilium to ribs. Longissimus: in the middle; attached from the skull to the sacrum. Spinalis: most medial; in between spinous processes of vertebrae.
49
Conus Medullaris
End of spinal cord, start of cauda equina L1-L2
50
Blood Supply to Female Breast
Lateral thoracic artery Pectoral branch of thoracoacromial artery internal thoracic artery (mammillary artery)
51
Pectoralis Major Attachments, Innervation, Actions
At: sternum, clavicle, humerus In: lateral pectoral nerve, medial pectoral nerve Act: arm flexion, arm adduction, medial rotation of humerus
52
Pectoralis Minor
At: ribs, corocoid process In: medial pectoral nerve Act: stabilizes scapula, some protraction of scapula
53
Subclavius Muscle
At: 1st rib, middle 1/3 of clavicle In: nerve to subclavius Ac: somewhat anchors clavicle, not much
54
Serratus Anterior
At: ribs, medial border of scapula In: long thoracic nerve, lies SF to muscle Action: protraction of scapula and holds it against thoracic wall Damage to LT nerve can cause "winged scapula"
55
External and Internal Intercostals
E: make V shape, raise ribs to inhale I: make A shape, lower ribs to exhale
56
White vs Gray Communicating Rami
White: preganglionic neurons, only sympathetic Gray: post ganglionic, both symp and PS
57
Movements of each vertebral section
C: flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation T: flexion, lateral flexion, rotation, limited extension L: flexion, some extension and lateral flexion, very limited rotation.

Anatomy (5 decks)

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