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Bio 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many species on earth?

A

8.7
- bacteria is not included because you cannot see with the naked eye

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2
Q

requirements for life (6)

A
  1. organized
  2. materials and energy
  3. reproduce and develop
  4. respond to environment
  5. maintain internal environment
  6. ability to adapt to environments
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3
Q

requirement 1: organization must be ?

A

must be hierarchial

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4
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of element

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5
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms joined together

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6
Q

cell

A

membrane bound unit that contains fundamental molecules

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7
Q

tissue

A

group of cells with common structure and function

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8
Q

organ

A

tissues that function together

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9
Q

organ system

A

organs that work together

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10
Q

organism

A

individual definition that contains organ systems

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11
Q

species

A

group of similar, interbreeding organisms

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12
Q

population

A

organisms of the same species within an area

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13
Q

Autotrophs

A

plants who make their own food from CO2 H20 and sunlight

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14
Q

heterotroph

A

acquire materials and energy by eating food

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15
Q

metabolism

A

breaking down into smaller things

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16
Q

ultimate energy source

A

sun

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17
Q

chemical cycle

A
  1. producers take solar energy and inorganic materials and make organic materials through photosynthesis
  2. organic materials are taking up by consumers
  3. death and decomposition of organisms allows for inorganic materials to be returned to producers
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18
Q

energy flow

A

sunlight-other organisms-returns to atmosphere as HEAT

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19
Q

reproduction

A

make another organism like themselves

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20
Q

mutation

A

variation in genetic information
- not all mutations are bad

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21
Q

stimuli

A

information we receive and perceive

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22
Q

internal environments must be____

A

stable

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23
Q

homeostasis

A

tendency toward a stable environment

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24
Q

natural selection

A

survive and reproduce

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25
Q

taxonomy

A

discipline of indentifying and grouping organisms

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26
Q

systematics

A

study of evolutionary relationships between species

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27
Q

TAXA

A

basic classification

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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28
Q

3 domains of life

A

eukarya, archaea, bacteria

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29
Q

typing names

A

organisms name is italicized

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30
Q

writing binomial names

A

Genus is CAPITAL
species is LOWERCASE

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31
Q

writing names

A

organisms names are underlined

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32
Q

challenges facing science

A
  1. climate change
    - global warming: increase in CO2 and radiate heat back by greenhouse effect
  2. biodiversity and habitat loss
    - biodiveristy: total number and relative abundancy of a species
    -extinction: death of species: mostly due to anthropogenic effects (human)
  3. diseases
    - emerging diseases
    - bacteria grows really quickly
    -reemerging diseases
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33
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

made some of the earliest microscopes

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34
Q

Robert Hooke

A
  • confirmed Lee’s findings
  • was first to term the word CELL
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35
Q

Cell Theory (2 things)

A
  1. all organisms are made up of cells
  2. all cells come from previously existing cells
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36
Q

cell types

A
  1. Prokaryotic
    - lack of nucleus: bacteria and archaea
  2. Eukaryotic
    - membrane bound nuclei that contains genetic info: plants, fungi, animal, protists
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37
Q

common between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

have plasma membrane and ribosomes

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38
Q

Plasma membrane

A

made of a phospholipid bilayer
- hydrophobic tails
- hydrophilic heads
Functions
-separates contents of cell from environment
- regulation of molecule passage

Can be fluid-allow certain molecules to pass through

Can also be restrictive: proteins within membrane are selective to what comes in and out

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39
Q

What part of plasma membrane that regulates passage

A

Proteins

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40
Q

What are the Eukaryotic cell characteristics

A
  1. possession of a nucleus
  2. some have cell walls that surround the plasma membrane: plant cells and some protists
  3. Organelles: any well-defined sub-cellular structure that performs a particular function
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41
Q

cytoskeleton

A

maintains cell shape and movement of cell parts

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42
Q

cytoplasm

A

semifluid matrix outside nucleus that contains organelles

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43
Q

nucleus

A

brain of cell that contains genetic material

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44
Q

ER

A

rough- has ribosomes; processes proteins

smooth- makes lipids; no ribosomes

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45
Q

mitochondria

A

carries out respiration and makes ATP

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46
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

processes, packages, and secretes cell products

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47
Q

Lysosomes

A

vesicle that digests macromolecules

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48
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

prokaryotic cells entered a host cell, and then began to live together in symbiosis

  • explains origin of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and internal membrane of eukaryotic cells
  • proposes chloroplast used to be a photosyntheic bacterium
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49
Q

Importance of theory

A

-shows how development of eukaryotic cell

-requires constant maintenance, regulation, and organization

-eukaryotic cells come together to form organisms

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50
Q

True or False: internal environments are constant

A

FALSE: they are always changing

  • internal state of body is in a dynamic state
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51
Q

Disease

A

when homeostasis messes up and there is an abnormality in body’s normal processes

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52
Q

components found in homeostatic mechanisms

A
  1. sensor/receptor: detects change in internal conditions
  2. control center: directs response to bring conditions back to normal; once normal, the sensor is no longer activated
  3. effector: organ/tissue that receives information from control center and acts to bring about change to maintain homeostasis
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53
Q

Example of homeostasis with body temp

A

sensor: thermoreceptors found in your skin

control center: hypothalamus

effector: muscles, blod vessels

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54
Q

Homeostasis: Negative Feedback

A

primary homeostasis mechanisms that keeps variable as close as it can to a particular value

  • constantly in cycle because you cannot stay at wanted body temp heat all the time. Constant working

EX: body temp regulation, blood sugar regulation

55
Q

Homeostasis: Positive Feedback

A

mechanisms that brings about rapid change in the same direction as the stimulus

  • EX: Blood clotting: platelets go to injured area and release factors that stimulate further clotting: will stop once clot is formed and it won’t break
56
Q

what is in the integumentary system

A

skin and its accessory organs (nails, hair, oil, sweat)

57
Q

what is function of skin?

A

MAIN: PROTECTION

  • helps regulate body temperature, synthesize vitamin D, allow communication through touch via sensory receptors
58
Q

3 regions of skin

A

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer

59
Q

Epidermis layers

A

stratum corneum: outermost layer that has flattened dead cells

stratum basale: innermost layer that has melanocytes

60
Q

which layer in epidermis has melanocytes?

A

stratum basale

61
Q

what causes cells to hardened and become flat

A

keratin

62
Q

what kind of tissue is made up of the dermis?

A

fibrous connective tissue

63
Q

what does the dermis have

A
  1. sensory receptors
  2. collagen and elastic fibers
    - collagen: flexible and high resistant
    - elastic: stretch to allow movement of muscle
  3. blood vessles, lymph vessels, oil/sweat glands
64
Q

what layer separates the epidermis from the dermis

A

Stratum Basale

65
Q

What kind of tissue is in the subcutaneous layer

A

loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

66
Q

adipose tissue stores fat for……

A

used for energy
thermally insulate body from gaining and loosing heat

67
Q

4 skin accessory organs

A

nail, hair follicle, sweat, oil

68
Q

where is the nail found

A

epidermis

69
Q

how does the nail grow

A

it becomes keratinized as it grows

70
Q

nail body

A

visible portion of your nail

71
Q

cuticle

A

fold of skin that hides nail root

72
Q

lunula

A

half moon shaped whitish color at the bottom of the nail; due to thicker layer of cells in the region

73
Q

where is the hair found

A

primarily found in epidermis, but extends in dermis

74
Q

hair root

A

contains epidermal cells and is embedded in dermis

75
Q

how does hair grow

A

when the epidermal cells divide

76
Q

what happens when cells become keratinized

A

they die and get pushed up farther from the root

77
Q

what is erected when you get goosebumps

A

arrector pili muscle

78
Q

where are oil glands found

A

epidermis but extends into dermis

79
Q

what is another name for oil glands

A

sebaceous glands

80
Q

function of oil glands

A

secretes oil (sebum) that lubricates hair and skin

reduces bacterial population

  • all skin EXCEPT PALMS OF HANDS AND SOLES OF FEET have oil glands
81
Q

another name for sweat glands

A

sudoriferous glands

82
Q

where are sweat glands

A

tubuled in the dermis

83
Q

how to sweat glands open to skin

A

open via PORES

84
Q

Skin Characteristics

A

Dry

Mildly acidic (low pH)

presence of dead cells on outermost layers

good bacteria on skin

85
Q

warts

A

skin growths due to HPV

86
Q

what causes acne

A

increased sebum which makes it harder to leave glands

87
Q

inflammatory response to bacterial growth on face

A

pimple

88
Q

what is the most common form of cancer

A

skin cancer

89
Q

possible causes of skin cancer

A

genetics, tanning, people not getting stuff checked

90
Q

what is periosteum

A

tough fibrous connective tissue that is outside of bone for protection

91
Q

which tissue is organized and and contains osteons

A

compact

92
Q

which bone tissue is unorganized but is very strong

A

spongy

93
Q

regions of bone

A

epiphysis-metaphysis-diaphysis-metaphysis-epiphysis

94
Q

bone functions

A
  • support
  • protection
  • blood production
  • storage
  • movement
95
Q

osteons

A

tubular unit of compact bone

96
Q

osteocytes

A

bone cells

97
Q

lacunae

A

tiny chambers that house osteocytes

98
Q

central (haversion) canals

A

contain blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves; surrounded by lacunae and found within an osteon

99
Q

canaliculi

A

tiny canals that provide nutrients from blood vessels in central canal to cells in lacunae

100
Q

where are central canals located

A

only in compact

101
Q

lamellae

A

concentric circles around central canals

102
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

firm, flexible, uniform organization, glassy appearance

contains collagen fibers

103
Q

fibrocartilage

A

stronger than hyaline cartilage bc of wide rows of thick collagen fibers

can withstand tension and pressure

found in areas where mass support is needed
-discs between vertebrae
- discs between bones of the knee

104
Q

elastic cartilage

A

more flexible than hyaline

due to presence of mostly elastin fibers

found in ear flaps and epiglottis

105
Q

what are baby bones made of

A

hyaline cartilage, EXCEPT SKULL

106
Q

endochondral ossification

A

when the hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone over time

107
Q

osteoblasts

A

lay down spongy bone and compact bone over time

108
Q

osteoclasts

A

break down spongy bone: makes medullary cavity

109
Q

process of bone remodeling

A

osteoclasts break down bones and INCREASES calcium in blood

when new bone is formed, osteoblasts use calcium in blood–osteoblasts can become osteocytes

110
Q

how many bones in the body

A

206 bones

111
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, thoracic cage, sacrum, coccyx

112
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

limbs and girdles

113
Q

T OR F: Bones are smooth

A

FALSE: have processes

  • where muscles attach, nerves and blood vessels pass through
114
Q

joint

A

where bones attach to each other

115
Q

fibrous joint

A

immovable
ex: sutures in out skull

116
Q

cartilagenous joints

A

connected together via hyaline cart
- intevertebral discs in our spine

117
Q

synovial joint

A

freely moveable
- held together by ligaments and tendons
- connection between femur and hips

118
Q

cranium

A

protects the brain
- major bones have same names as lobes

119
Q

foramen magnum

A

large opening at the base of cranium where spinal cord passes and connects with brain stem

120
Q

skull facial bones

A

mandible- lower jaw; ONLY MOVEABLE

maxillae- upper jaw

zygomatic bones: cheekbones

nasal bones: bridge of nose

121
Q

what bone is the only bone that us not articulated with another bone

A

hyoid bone

122
Q

vertebral column

A

33 total

7 cervica
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 fused vertebrae (sacrum)
4 fused vertebrae (coccyx)- tailbone

123
Q

intervetebral discs

A

padding between vertebrae made of fibrocartilage

124
Q

ribs

A

12 pairs

upper 7: connected to sternum (true ribs)

3 lower: don’t connect directly to sternum but connect to hyaline cartilage: false ribs

last 2: dont connect to sternum at ALL (floating ribs)

ALL CONNECT TO THORACIC VERTEBRAE

125
Q

what muscle is voluntary

A

skeletal

126
Q

skeletal muscle characteristics

A

voluntary

covered by protective layer: fascia

stripy appearance because has sarcomeres

127
Q

smooth muscle characteristics

A

involuntary

not stripy bc no sarcomeres

random arrangement is due to myosin and actin

128
Q

cardiac muscle

A

similar in structure to skeletal

DO HAVE SARCOMERES

INVOLUNTARY

129
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of muscle fiber

129
Q

myofibril

A

bundle of myofilaments

130
Q

myofilaments

A

composed of actin and myosin; allows for muscle contractions

130
Q

sarcomeres

A

structural unit of a myofibril (extends from one Z line to another Z line)

130
Q
A

Bio 2 (1 decks)

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