Exam 1 Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
How many species on earth?
A
8.7
- bacteria is not included because you cannot see with the naked eye
2
Q
requirements for life (6)
A
- organized
- materials and energy
- reproduce and develop
- respond to environment
- maintain internal environment
- ability to adapt to environments
3
Q
requirement 1: organization must be ?
A
must be hierarchial
4
Q
atom
A
smallest unit of element
5
Q
molecule
A
two or more atoms joined together
6
Q
cell
A
membrane bound unit that contains fundamental molecules
7
Q
tissue
A
group of cells with common structure and function
8
Q
organ
A
tissues that function together
9
Q
organ system
A
organs that work together
10
Q
organism
A
individual definition that contains organ systems
11
Q
species
A
group of similar, interbreeding organisms
12
Q
population
A
organisms of the same species within an area
13
Q
Autotrophs
A
plants who make their own food from CO2 H20 and sunlight
14
Q
heterotroph
A
acquire materials and energy by eating food
15
Q
metabolism
A
breaking down into smaller things
16
Q
ultimate energy source
A
sun
17
Q
chemical cycle
A
- producers take solar energy and inorganic materials and make organic materials through photosynthesis
- organic materials are taking up by consumers
- death and decomposition of organisms allows for inorganic materials to be returned to producers
18
Q
energy flow
A
sunlight-other organisms-returns to atmosphere as HEAT
19
Q
reproduction
A
make another organism like themselves
20
Q
mutation
A
variation in genetic information
- not all mutations are bad
21
Q
stimuli
A
information we receive and perceive
22
Q
internal environments must be____
A
stable
23
Q
homeostasis
A
tendency toward a stable environment
24
Q
natural selection
A
survive and reproduce
25
taxonomy
discipline of indentifying and grouping organisms
26
systematics
study of evolutionary relationships between species
27
TAXA
basic classification
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
28
3 domains of life
eukarya, archaea, bacteria
29
typing names
organisms name is italicized
30
writing binomial names
Genus is CAPITAL
species is LOWERCASE
31
writing names
organisms names are underlined
32
challenges facing science
1. climate change
- global warming: increase in CO2 and radiate heat back by greenhouse effect
2. biodiversity and habitat loss
- biodiveristy: total number and relative abundancy of a species
-extinction: death of species: mostly due to anthropogenic effects (human)
3. diseases
- emerging diseases
- bacteria grows really quickly
-reemerging diseases
33
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
made some of the earliest microscopes
34
Robert Hooke
- confirmed Lee's findings
- was first to term the word CELL
35
Cell Theory (2 things)
1. all organisms are made up of cells
2. all cells come from previously existing cells
36
cell types
1. Prokaryotic
- lack of nucleus: bacteria and archaea
2. Eukaryotic
- membrane bound nuclei that contains genetic info: plants, fungi, animal, protists
37
common between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
have plasma membrane and ribosomes
38
Plasma membrane
made of a phospholipid bilayer
- hydrophobic tails
- hydrophilic heads
Functions
-separates contents of cell from environment
- regulation of molecule passage
Can be fluid-allow certain molecules to pass through
Can also be restrictive: proteins within membrane are selective to what comes in and out
39
What part of plasma membrane that regulates passage
Proteins
40
What are the Eukaryotic cell characteristics
1. possession of a nucleus
2. some have cell walls that surround the plasma membrane: plant cells and some protists
3. Organelles: any well-defined sub-cellular structure that performs a particular function
41
cytoskeleton
maintains cell shape and movement of cell parts
42
cytoplasm
semifluid matrix outside nucleus that contains organelles
43
nucleus
brain of cell that contains genetic material
44
ER
rough- has ribosomes; processes proteins
smooth- makes lipids; no ribosomes
45
mitochondria
carries out respiration and makes ATP
46
Golgi Apparatus
processes, packages, and secretes cell products
47
Lysosomes
vesicle that digests macromolecules
48
Endosymbiotic Theory
prokaryotic cells entered a host cell, and then began to live together in symbiosis
- explains origin of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and internal membrane of eukaryotic cells
- proposes chloroplast used to be a photosyntheic bacterium
49
Importance of theory
-shows how development of eukaryotic cell
-requires constant maintenance, regulation, and organization
-eukaryotic cells come together to form organisms
50
True or False: internal environments are constant
FALSE: they are always changing
- internal state of body is in a dynamic state
51
Disease
when homeostasis messes up and there is an abnormality in body's normal processes
52
components found in homeostatic mechanisms
1. sensor/receptor: detects change in internal conditions
2. control center: directs response to bring conditions back to normal; once normal, the sensor is no longer activated
3. effector: organ/tissue that receives information from control center and acts to bring about change to maintain homeostasis
53
Example of homeostasis with body temp
sensor: thermoreceptors found in your skin
control center: hypothalamus
effector: muscles, blod vessels
54
Homeostasis: Negative Feedback
primary homeostasis mechanisms that keeps variable as close as it can to a particular value
- constantly in cycle because you cannot stay at wanted body temp heat all the time. Constant working
EX: body temp regulation, blood sugar regulation
55
Homeostasis: Positive Feedback
mechanisms that brings about rapid change in the same direction as the stimulus
- EX: Blood clotting: platelets go to injured area and release factors that stimulate further clotting: will stop once clot is formed and it won't break
56
what is in the integumentary system
skin and its accessory organs (nails, hair, oil, sweat)
57
what is function of skin?
MAIN: PROTECTION
- helps regulate body temperature, synthesize vitamin D, allow communication through touch via sensory receptors
58
3 regions of skin
epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer
59
Epidermis layers
stratum corneum: outermost layer that has flattened dead cells
stratum basale: innermost layer that has melanocytes
60
which layer in epidermis has melanocytes?
stratum basale
61
what causes cells to hardened and become flat
keratin
62
what kind of tissue is made up of the dermis?
fibrous connective tissue
63
what does the dermis have
1. sensory receptors
2. collagen and elastic fibers
- collagen: flexible and high resistant
- elastic: stretch to allow movement of muscle
3. blood vessles, lymph vessels, oil/sweat glands
64
what layer separates the epidermis from the dermis
Stratum Basale
65
What kind of tissue is in the subcutaneous layer
loose connective tissue and adipose tissue
66
adipose tissue stores fat for......
used for energy
thermally insulate body from gaining and loosing heat
67
4 skin accessory organs
nail, hair follicle, sweat, oil
68
where is the nail found
epidermis
69
how does the nail grow
it becomes keratinized as it grows
70
nail body
visible portion of your nail
71
cuticle
fold of skin that hides nail root
72
lunula
half moon shaped whitish color at the bottom of the nail; due to thicker layer of cells in the region
73
where is the hair found
primarily found in epidermis, but extends in dermis
74
hair root
contains epidermal cells and is embedded in dermis
75
how does hair grow
when the epidermal cells divide
76
what happens when cells become keratinized
they die and get pushed up farther from the root
77
what is erected when you get goosebumps
arrector pili muscle
78
where are oil glands found
epidermis but extends into dermis
79
what is another name for oil glands
sebaceous glands
80
function of oil glands
secretes oil (sebum) that lubricates hair and skin
reduces bacterial population
- all skin EXCEPT PALMS OF HANDS AND SOLES OF FEET have oil glands
81
another name for sweat glands
sudoriferous glands
82
where are sweat glands
tubuled in the dermis
83
how to sweat glands open to skin
open via PORES
84
Skin Characteristics
Dry
Mildly acidic (low pH)
presence of dead cells on outermost layers
good bacteria on skin
85
warts
skin growths due to HPV
86
what causes acne
increased sebum which makes it harder to leave glands
87
inflammatory response to bacterial growth on face
pimple
88
what is the most common form of cancer
skin cancer
89
possible causes of skin cancer
genetics, tanning, people not getting stuff checked
90
what is periosteum
tough fibrous connective tissue that is outside of bone for protection
91
which tissue is organized and and contains osteons
compact
92
which bone tissue is unorganized but is very strong
spongy
93
regions of bone
epiphysis-metaphysis-diaphysis-metaphysis-epiphysis
94
bone functions
- support
- protection
- blood production
- storage
- movement
95
osteons
tubular unit of compact bone
96
osteocytes
bone cells
97
lacunae
tiny chambers that house osteocytes
98
central (haversion) canals
contain blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves; surrounded by lacunae and found within an osteon
99
canaliculi
tiny canals that provide nutrients from blood vessels in central canal to cells in lacunae
100
where are central canals located
only in compact
101
lamellae
concentric circles around central canals
102
hyaline cartilage
firm, flexible, uniform organization, glassy appearance
contains collagen fibers
103
fibrocartilage
stronger than hyaline cartilage bc of wide rows of thick collagen fibers
can withstand tension and pressure
found in areas where mass support is needed
-discs between vertebrae
- discs between bones of the knee
104
elastic cartilage
more flexible than hyaline
due to presence of mostly elastin fibers
found in ear flaps and epiglottis
105
what are baby bones made of
hyaline cartilage, EXCEPT SKULL
106
endochondral ossification
when the hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone over time
107
osteoblasts
lay down spongy bone and compact bone over time
108
osteoclasts
break down spongy bone: makes medullary cavity
109
process of bone remodeling
osteoclasts break down bones and INCREASES calcium in blood
when new bone is formed, osteoblasts use calcium in blood--osteoblasts can become osteocytes
110
how many bones in the body
206 bones
111
axial skeleton
skull, thoracic cage, sacrum, coccyx
112
appendicular skeleton
limbs and girdles
113
T OR F: Bones are smooth
FALSE: have processes
- where muscles attach, nerves and blood vessels pass through
114
joint
where bones attach to each other
115
fibrous joint
immovable
ex: sutures in out skull
116
cartilagenous joints
connected together via hyaline cart
- intevertebral discs in our spine
117
synovial joint
freely moveable
- held together by ligaments and tendons
- connection between femur and hips
118
cranium
protects the brain
- major bones have same names as lobes
119
foramen magnum
large opening at the base of cranium where spinal cord passes and connects with brain stem
120
skull facial bones
mandible- lower jaw; ONLY MOVEABLE
maxillae- upper jaw
zygomatic bones: cheekbones
nasal bones: bridge of nose
121
what bone is the only bone that us not articulated with another bone
hyoid bone
122
vertebral column
33 total
7 cervica
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 fused vertebrae (sacrum)
4 fused vertebrae (coccyx)- tailbone
123
intervetebral discs
padding between vertebrae made of fibrocartilage
124
ribs
12 pairs
upper 7: connected to sternum (true ribs)
3 lower: don't connect directly to sternum but connect to hyaline cartilage: false ribs
last 2: dont connect to sternum at ALL (floating ribs)
ALL CONNECT TO THORACIC VERTEBRAE
125
what muscle is voluntary
skeletal
126
skeletal muscle characteristics
voluntary
covered by protective layer: fascia
stripy appearance because has sarcomeres
127
smooth muscle characteristics
involuntary
not stripy bc no sarcomeres
random arrangement is due to myosin and actin
128
cardiac muscle
similar in structure to skeletal
DO HAVE SARCOMERES
INVOLUNTARY
129
sarcolemma
plasma membrane of muscle fiber
129
myofibril
bundle of myofilaments
130
myofilaments
composed of actin and myosin; allows for muscle contractions
130
sarcomeres
structural unit of a myofibril (extends from one Z line to another Z line)
130
