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Evolution 3300 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is chronicle history?

A

non-interpretive/non-explanatory history

includes: fossil records, phylogenetic trees, dist. of species, other data and patterns

basically STRAIGHT UP information

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2
Q

what is narrative history?

A

interpretive/explanatory history

the story made around the facts

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3
Q

what is scientific theory?

A

not to be confused with a hypothesis, its like a theory that is taken as fact

examples: gravity, evolution, theory of plate tectonics, heliocentric theory

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4
Q

macroevolution is evolution ________ the species level. it focuses on what?

A

above; large phylogenetic changes or relatively large periods of time

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5
Q

some examples of macroevolution

A

mass extinction events, adaptive radiations, large-scale patterns in the fossil record, chronicle of life on earth

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6
Q

microevolution is evolution ______ the species level. it focuses on what?

A

below; the processes that cause evolutionary change over short periods of time

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7
Q

some examples of microevolution

A

natural selection, the movement of genes between populations, random genetic changes across generations

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8
Q

in what orientation do fish muscles run? whale muscles?

A

around the circumference/the ribs of the fish; along the length of the body/parallel to the spine basically

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9
Q

pakicetus atrox was found where? who discovered it?

A

in rocks that formed on LAND; Philip Gingerich, 1979

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10
Q

what was special about pakicetus atrox?

A

it had a bony landmark called an involucrum that it only found in whales today even though the fossil looked like a dog and was found on land

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11
Q

evolution doesn’t really create, it _______ with _________ structures to make new ones

A

tinkers; existing

(examples: front limbs into flippers, nostrils into blowholes. remember: evolution isn’t TRYING to make new species)

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12
Q

what is the whippo hypothesis?

A

that whales and hippos are closely related/share a common ancestor (not really considered a hypothesis anymore)

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13
Q

what does HIV stand for?

A

human immunodeficiency virus

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14
Q

what does AIDS stand for?

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

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15
Q

HIV is a ______ virus; it only has 2 copies of ________ _______ _____ and 3 ________

A

simple
single stranded RNA
enzymes

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16
Q

what are evolution’s big picture objectives?

A

variation and diversity matter
evolution is a historical science
power and limits of evolutionary change
understand the relevance of evolution to contemporary issues
make your next walk in the woods a richer experience

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17
Q

if evolution is a historical science, split it up as if the 4.6 billion years of earth were boiled down to an hour.

A

first 50 mins: history of microbes
last ten minutes: animal life
human history and civilization takes place in the last 1/100th or 0.01 second

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18
Q

T/F: there is an ultimate goal in evolution. evolution follows teleology.

A

false! teleology is the doctrine of final causes and historical processes being determined by their ultimate purpose. evolution does not do anything on purpose fr.

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19
Q

what words did Darwin write on his first phylogenetic tree?

A

“I think”

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20
Q

are chimpanzees ancestors to humans?

A

no: we share a common ancestor that looks like neither of us apparently

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21
Q

what is speciation?

A

the split in a species into 2 or more species (node in a phylogenetic tree)

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22
Q

what does it mean when a branch in a phylogenetic tree stops leading anywhere?

A

extinction

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23
Q

where do you find gradual change in a phylogenetic tree?

A

between two speciations

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24
Q

what is a phylogeny? it is also known as?

A

a diagram depicting evolutionary relationships; a phylogenetic tree or a cladogram (klay doh gram)

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25
Q

you need to be able to read phylogenetic trees in any orientation

A

just sayin

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26
Q

what is a metapopulation?

A

a population of populations

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27
Q

what is another name to call an “evolutionary lineage?”

A

a species

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28
Q

what does a tip on a phylogeny equate to?

A

taxa (sng. taxon)

they can be individuals, species, genera (sng. genus), families, etc.

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29
Q

what is a taxon?

A

a formally named group of organisms like a species, a genus, or a family

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30
Q

what do nodes depict on a cladogram?

A

the most recent common ancestor between two or more sister taxa/sister clades

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31
Q

internodes are aka?

A

branches

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32
Q

what do the roots of the cladograms depict?

A

the oldest lineage of that cladogram

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33
Q

what is a clade?

A

ALL the descendants of a common ancestor

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34
Q

which members of a clade are the most closely related to the common ancestor?

A

trick question: they’re all equally related to the most recent common ancestor

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35
Q

a clade is aka?

A

a monophyletic group

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36
Q

how does rotating the nodes of a phylogenetic tree alter the relationships of the taxa?

A

it doesn’t! compare clades or nodes if you’re confused

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37
Q

how does “pruning” (removing some of the taxa) a phylogenetic tree alter the relationships of the taxa?

A

it doesn’t! the relationships are the same, all of the descendants just aren’t there (which is fine)

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38
Q

PAY ATTENTION TO THE NODES!

A

this will seriously help you i think

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39
Q

what is a polytomy?

A

a node with three or more branches coming off of it

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40
Q

what is a hard polytomy?

A

this means there was “known” simultaneous divergence of species into those three new species/branches

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41
Q

what is soft polytomy?

A

this means there are unresolved relationships between those species/branches (B, C, and D COULD be sister taxa OR one could be the others common ancestor but we don’t know so we stick them all together)

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42
Q

what is a monophyletic group?
(you know this)

A

all the descendants of a common ancestor (aka a clade!) aka they share a node somewhere down the line

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43
Q

what is a paraphyletic group?

A

some, NOT ALL, descendants of a common ancestor

example: birds, crocs, and lizards all share a common anc. but only crocs and lizards are grouped together! (gasp, the drama)

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44
Q

what are gnathosomes?

A

jawed vertebrates

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45
Q

tetrapods, amphibians, mammals, and lepidosaurs are examples of what group in gnathosomes?

A

monophyletic

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46
Q

reptiles are a ___________ group; or, birds are reptiles

A

paraphyletic

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47
Q

dinosaurs are a ___________ group; or, birds are dinosaurs

A

paraphyletic

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48
Q

fish are a __________ group; or, you and birds are fish

A

paraphyletic (mmwatbs)

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49
Q

some facts about fish gonads and human testes i guess

A

the gonads in an embryo are next to the heart like they are in fish which is crazy, then they broke through the body wall and hang outside the bod (in guys) and that created a spot soft and that’s why guys get hernias apparently

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50
Q

what are some problems with paraphyly?

A

paraphyly misleads regarding relationships and how characters evolve. that makes us fish and birds dinosaurs! ugh

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51
Q

what is polyphyly? what is wrong with it?

A

its grouping things together with no common ancestor and no monophyly; everyhting apparently. its just pretty random and picked without thinking to put it quite simply

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52
Q

what is haemothermia?

A

warm-blooded animals

we don’t really use this term anymore

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53
Q

haemotherima is an example of what type of –phyly?

A

polyphyly: mammals and birds both fall in this category but do not share a(n immediate) common ancestor and are not monophyletic

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54
Q

what are sister taxa?

A

tips of branches with a common ancestor

55
Q

what are sister clades?

A

two (or more) nodes with a common ancestor
OR
node(s) and taxa with a common ancestor

56
Q

if multiple things can be classified as a “sister (something),” then we can assume that they are _________?

A

monophyletic

57
Q

Reptilia is an example of what kind of classification?

A

formal Linnaean classification

58
Q

is Archosauromorpha part of formal Linnaean classification?

A

nah

59
Q

Tetrapoda and Amniota are what on a Linnaean cladogram?

A

basically just names of clades (not formal)

60
Q

phylogenetic trees are _______, not facts

A

hypotheses

61
Q

what is rank free classification?

A

i literally dont know

from dr. google: naming and classifying animals without the whole genus, family, class, species, etc. thing

62
Q

how did the Whippo hypothesis change the whale’s location on a cladogram in relation to Artiodactyla?

A

it moved them from being a sister clade with artiodactyla taxa to being an artiodactyla taxa itself and now being sister taxa with hippos

63
Q

what is homology? (or a homologous trait)

A

a trait in two or more taxa that was inherited from a common ancestor

example: humerus (and basically all the arm bones) being seen in humans, dogs, horses, bats, birds, and seals

64
Q

what is homoplasy?

A

FALSE homology (or analogy) based on characteristics found in different species due to convergent evolution, parallelism, or reversal but NOT common decent

65
Q

porcupines, hedgehogs, and lesser hh tenrecs all have different spines and no recent common ancestor. they are grouped together anyway. this is an example of what?

A

homoplasy

66
Q

bones in pterosaurs, bats, and birds are homo______ while their wings are homo______

A

homologous: the same bones were found in a common ancestor

homoplastic: none of their common ancestors flew (between the three of them)

67
Q

!!!

IMPORTANT: what are the three causes of homoplasy?

A

convergent evolution
parallelism
reversal

68
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A

similarities between species caused by a similar but evolutionarily independent response to a common set of selection pressures. (commonly different developmental pathways are employed)

example: we have similar camera eyes to octopi but they evolved differently so they don’t really go together

69
Q

more convergent evolution examples

A

a wolf vs Tasmanian wolf (not a wolf)
lemur vs spotted cuscus
mole vs marsupial mole
anteater vs numbat (anteater)
mouse vs marsupial mouse
flying squirrel vs flying phalanger

this is all (placental mammals vs Australian marsupials) so they’re grouped together but they’re different

70
Q

what is parallel evolution?

A

convergent evolution WITHIN a species or between CLOSELY RELATED species

it differs from regular convergent bc related species can utilize the same developmental mechanisms or gene flow

71
Q

parallel evolution examples

A

(i didn’t really get this one but here anyway)

poisonous newts of the same species are spread all over the upper west coast but they differ in toxicity levels

(one i understand) black mice living on lava flows vs tan ones that live in sandier areas (i assume)

72
Q

what is reversal homoplasy?

A

having some characteristic (such as larvae) that is lost and then eventually comes back

73
Q

more reversal examples

A

a mammal’s ancestor had hair, lost it, and then that mammal has hair bc it came back sometime

a whale’s ancestor left the water to land and then another came back into it

74
Q

what are synapomorphies?

A

shared, derived traits
“syn” = together
“morphy” = form

shared = present in 2+ taxa
derived = wasn’t present in the last ancestor (changed from the ancestral condition)

75
Q

clades are diagnosed by ______?

A

traits

76
Q

synapomorphies provide evidence of what?

A

common descent

77
Q

what is an autapomorphy?

A

a derived trait found in only one taxon in a tree. doesn’t provide evidence of relationships!

78
Q

what are plesiomorphies?

A

shared ancestral characteristics with the ancestral state. these are usually just phenotypic similarities and don’t provide evidence for common descent!

79
Q

which of the following provide evidence of common descent?

autapomorphy
plesiomorphy
synapomorphy

A

synapomorphy only

80
Q

match!

a. autapomorphy
b. plesiomorphy
c. synapomorphy

  1. shared and derived*
  2. derived*
  3. shared*

*from/with the ancestral state

A

a2: autapo - derived
b3: plesio - shared
c1: synapo - shared and derived

81
Q

what is the difference between symplesiomorphies and synapomorphies?

A

symplesiomorphies are shared, ANCESTRAL traits. these contribute to some similarities between taxa but don’t really provide information regarding relationships.

synapomorphies are shared, DERIVED traits.

82
Q

what are the three kinds of similarity?

A
  1. symplesiomorphies (shared, primitive/anc.)
  2. synapomorphies (shared, derived)*
  3. homoplasy (false homology)

*this is o]the only one that provides evidence of common ancestry

83
Q

what does LUCA stand for?

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

84
Q

was LUCA the first living thing?

A

nah

85
Q

LUCA splits into what two clades?

A

bacteria and archaea

86
Q

true or false: archaea are more closely related to eukarya than bacteria?

A

true: they have a more recent common ancestor

87
Q

what are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

A

simple
no nucleus
no mitochondria
small (~0.2-2.0 μm)

88
Q

what are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

A
  • complex
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • large (~10-100 μm)
  • membrane enclosed organelles (like golgi apparatus)
  • has both meiosis and mitosis
89
Q

which of the following are (often but not always) extremophiles?

a. archaea
b. bacteria

A

archaea

90
Q

what kind of environments can archaea be found in?

A

high temperature
high salt
cow/termite/human stomachs

91
Q

what is endosymbiosis?

A

basically bacteria entering larger archaea to live there and becoming mitochondria and chloroplasts to make new types of archaea

(at least that’s how i understand it)

92
Q

where did most membrane enclosed organelles probably originate from?

A

deep folds in the plasma membrane

93
Q

which evolved first: chloroplasts or mitochondria?

(aka, which is first on the tree of life?)

A

mitochondria

94
Q

what two clades does archaea split into?

A

non-eukaryotic archaea and eukaryotes

95
Q

what are the endosymbionts of the tree of life?

A

bacteria (cyanobacteria and proteobacteria), archaea, eukaryotes

(isn’t this basically everything)

96
Q

what is the biggest clade of bacteria?

A

proteobacteria

97
Q

what endosymbiont became mitochondria in eukaryotes?

A

proteobacteria

98
Q

Escherichia coli, bubonic plague, cholera, and salmonella are all examples of what?

A

proteobacteria

99
Q

what was the first organism to release O2 into the atmosphere?

A

cyanobacteria

100
Q

what endosymbiont became the first chloroplast?

A

(ancestral) cyanobacteria

101
Q

is cyanobacteria photosynthetic?

A

yes bro

102
Q

what is the clade of the following taxa?

stramenopiles
plantae
fungi
animals

A

eukarya

103
Q

animals and fungi are in a clade called?

A

the opisthokonts

104
Q

what is the synapomorphy of plantae?

A

chloroplasts (primary endosymbiosis)

105
Q

what clade do all plantae with chlorophyll b (and starch storage) belong to?

what is the sister clade of the above clade?

A

green plants

red algae

106
Q

true or false: green plants are sister taxa to land plants.

A

false: land plants ARE green plants so they are a part of the clade

107
Q

green algae are _____phyletic?

why/how?

A

para(phyletic)

they include all the green plants except land plants

108
Q

what kind of algae is nori (김밥의 김)?

A

red algae somehow

109
Q

what makes red algae red?

A

the chloroplasts in red algae have a pigment called phycoerythrin and has chlorophyll a (not b)

110
Q

what is phycology?

A

the study of algae, traiditionally including red algae, green algae, brown algae, and (sometimes) cyanobacteria

111
Q

phycology is _____phyletic

A

poly(phyletic)

112
Q

red algae is usually a _________ species, with a few ____________ species

A

marine; freshwater

113
Q

green plants have chlorophyll __
1. a
2. b
3. a & b

A
  1. chlorophyll a & b!
114
Q

lichens were formed through symbiotic associations between ________ and _________

A

fungi and green algae (like cyanobacteria)

115
Q

what is the synapomorphy of the seed plants clade?

A

…seeds

116
Q

what is the synapomorphy of the angiosperms?

A

there are flowering plants

117
Q

what two clades do the seed plants split into?

A

the angiosperms and gymnosperms

118
Q

what is the difference between land plants and green algae (algae in general)?

A

green algae need to live in/by lots of water to survive while land plants adapted to (you guessed it) land

119
Q

what is are two synapomorphies of the land plants (that you need to know)?

A

stomata (besides liverworts but you don’t really need to know that) and waxy cuticles

120
Q

why are stomata and waxy cuticles important?

A

stomata are important in photosynthesis for allowing gas exchange without drying up the plant (by opening and closing on the surface of the leaves), and waxy cuticles also prevent desiccation

121
Q

true or false: mosses are non-vascular plants.

A

supa true

122
Q

non-vascular plants are a ______phyletic group including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

A

para(phyletic)

123
Q

mosses use _______ to reproduce.

A

spores (moved around by water usually)

124
Q

extra information on moss
(not a question)

A

the gametophyte makes up the main plant and the diploid sporophyte is smaller and connected to the gametophyte

in moss it’s not roots. it’s rhizoids.

since they don’t have a vascular system, they’re short and grow in dense mats in moist places

125
Q

what are the components of the vascular system in (you guessed it) vascular plants?

A

the xylem and the phloem

126
Q

what does the xylem do?

A

conducts water and minerals from the soil (brings them up)

127
Q

what does the phloem do?

A

conducts products of photosynthesis from the leaves (brings them in/down)

128
Q

what is the function of lignin in the xylem?

A

it increases structural support (how trees can be 100+ feet tall)

129
Q

ferns are like moss because they have _______ but are UNlike them because they have a good ___________ _________

A

spores; vascular system

130
Q

what are gymnosperms? (what is their synapomorphy?)

A

they are plants with seeds but no flowers. gymnosperm means naked seed (not protected by an ovary or fruit)

131
Q

conifer means?

A

cone-bearing

132
Q

in conifers, the female cones have ______ and the male cones have ______

A

seeds; pollen

133
Q

what are fruits?

A

apparently a plant’s ripened ovaries

134
Q

start on slide 144 next time :p heh (W2L1)

A

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Evolution 3300 (1 decks)

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