Exam 1 Flashcards
(138 cards)
Continuous
Consistently and gradually changing across development
Ex. From seed to tree
Discontinuous
Make big shifts to qualitatively new behaviors
Ex. Caterpillar to butterfly
Nature
Biological endowment
Nuture
Environment (physical, social, etc)
All nature/all nurture examples
Language acquisition, number and object understanding
Nature/nurture interaction
ex Antisocial behavior
can be genetic (nature) but can also emerge due to environment (nurture)
Active child
Children participate in their own development
- diff interests lead to diff expertise
Passive child
Children are at the mercy of their environment
- blank slate
Biological perspective
Development is rooted in biology
- all nature
(Mat theory
Ethological theory)
Maturational theory (bio P)
Child development reflects a specific and prearranged plan within the body
Dr. Arnold Gesell (mat theory, bio P)
Growth of NS
as the NS grows, the mind develops and behavior changes accordingly
Ethological theory (bio P)
Views development from an evolutionary perspective (ethological)
- behaviors are adaptive: we develop in certain ways bc it aids to our survival
Critical period
Time in development when a specific type of learning can take place
- learning something before/after CP is hard
Lorenz and imprinting
Learning perspective
Development is determined by environment
-all nurture
(Skinner: operant conditioning
Bandura: social cognitive)
Operant conditioning- Skinner (learning P)
Behavior consequences determine whether behavior is repeated
Reinforcement: increases likelihood
Punishment: decreases likelihood
+R/P
Something is added
Ex. Getting paid for doing chores
-R/P
Something is removed
Ex. Chore from list
Social cognitive - Bandura (learning P)
Behaviors develop as children observe a combo of reward, punishment, and other’s behaviors
- mimic those see rewarded
- avoid behaviors when ppl are punished
- Bandura: bobo doll
Psychodynamic perspective
Development unfolds acc to resolutions of conflicts at diff stages
(Freud: 3
Psychosocial)
Psychodynamic theory - Freud (psychodynamic P)
Early experiences est patterns that endure throughout a person’s life
Conflict bt:
Id: primitive instinct
Ego: rational/ practical
Superego: moral agent
Psychosocial theory (psychodynamic P)
Development consists of a seq of stages, each defined by a key crisis/challenge
Cognitive-developmental perspective
Development reflects children trying to make sense of the world
Piaget’s theory - Piaget (cognitive-dev P)
Diff thinking stages that develop thru children’s shifting competencies and changing theories of the world
Contextual perspective
Development is driven by a child’s interaction w their immediate and distant environment
- all nurture but includes both direct and indirect influences