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Mammalian Physiology I > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
*dynamic state of equilibrium

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2
Q

Ex of how body systems maintain homeostasis

A

ex. respiratory system: gas exchange (increase/decrease blood ox levels)

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3
Q

Most common feedback mechanism
Response REDUCES original stimulus
Reverse initial change in the body -> change in opposite direction
ex. regulation of body temp (hot=sweat, cold=shiver)

A

Negative feedback

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4
Q

Not as common
responses ENHANCES original stimulus =amplifying effect
Further in one direction

A

Positive feedback

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5
Q

macromolecules are made of monomers that include ___

A

lipids, carbs, nucleic acids, and proteins

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6
Q

lipid functions

A

energy storage (calories), signaling (steroid hormones), and building cell membrane (phospholipids)

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7
Q

carbohydrate functions

A

chemical energy storage, sugar storage (glycogen), cell identification

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8
Q

nucleic acid functions

A

information storage (DNA/RNA), energy storage (ATP), catalysis (RNA)

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9
Q

proteins diverse functions

A

structure (structural proteins)
movement (motor/contractile proteins)
catalysis (enzymes)
transport (transport proteins)

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10
Q

cell membranes are built from primarily from phospholipids (__) and (__)

A

bilayer and amphipathic (different properties)

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11
Q

cell membrane is selectively permeable, what can and cannnot pass?

A

oxygen passes freely, proteins need transport proteins to cross the membrane

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12
Q

cell membranes are fluid…

A

fluid mosaic model (proteins can move and pass through)

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13
Q

cytoplasm and organelles are….

A

inside the cell

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14
Q

what is composed of ~70-85% water, dissolved and suspended chemicals, and ions?

A

cytoplasm

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15
Q

some important organelles:

A

nucleus, ribosomes, ER, Golgi, mitochondria, and cytoskeleton

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16
Q

Nucleus

A

largest organelle, contains DNA, surrounded by nuclear envelope

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis, free in cytoplasm or attached endoplasmic reticulum

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18
Q

Smooth ER

A

catalyzes lipid reactions and synthesizes other molecules

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19
Q

Rough ER

A

covered in ribosomes, makes, folds, and packages proteins

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20
Q

golgi apparatus

A

packages and sends molecules

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21
Q

mitochondria

A

manufactures ATP, double membrane (ER), has its own mitochondrial DNA

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22
Q

cytoskeleton

A

network of protein fibers that provide shape and strength to cell, move things within cells

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23
Q

glucose must undergo a series of rxns to release its potential energy

A

cellular respiration

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24
Q

cellular energy

A

convert carbs to glucose, proteins and fats are broken down into smaller components

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25
primarily in mitochondria, undergoes 4 steps, produces ~30 ATP/glucose
cellular respiration
26
glucose + O2 ---> ATP + CO2
aerobic respiration
27
Potential energy
Energy stored in position or configuration (includes energy in chemical bonds)
28
Kinetic energy
energy of motion (sound, thermal energy, electricity)
29
ATP
stores potential energy phosphate groups are negatively charged covalent bond
30
ATP can be synthesized again by re-adding...
the phosphate group
31
Diffusion (all molecules have kinetic energy)
molecules vibrate and move/collide,
32
Diffusion =
the passive movement of molecules (move from high to low concentration)
33
movement down concentration gradient
high to low
34
passive transport (diffusion)
high --> low, does not require cell energy
35
active transport
low --> high, requires cell energy (ATP)
36
simple diffusion
movement through intermolecular spaces or membrane openings
37
facilitated diffusion
interaction with carrier proteins
38
simple diffusion (protein channels)
tubular proteins, selective with size and electrical chargers, and they may be gated
39
voltage-gated
open/close in response to changes in electrical potential (ex. Na+ and K+)
40
chemical (ligand)-gated
open/close in response to binding of a chemical
41
the rate of diffusion is affected by:
temp molecule size concentration gradient membrane electrical potential pressure differential
42
Osmosis
net movement of water caused by a concentration difference of water
43
solvent
a fluid substance dissolve in (ex. water)
44
solute
a substance dissolved in a solvent (ex. salt)
45
isotonic
solution and cell have the same solute concentration, no net movement
46
hypotonic
solution has a lower solute concentration than inside of cell water moves into the cell leads to swelling and bursting (lysis)
47
hypertonic
the solution has greater solute concentration than inside of cell water moves out of the cell cell shrivels and becomes crenate
48
osmotic pressure
pressure from osmosis the more solutes inside, the higher its osmotic pressure water moves down towards the hypertonic solution
49
hydrostatic pressure
pressure exerted by water against the plasma membrane
50
primary active transport
carrier protein uses ATP directly to move molecules against their concentration gradient (ex. Na-K+ pump)
51
sodium-potassium pump
1 ATP powers pump to transport: 3 Na+ ions out of cell 2 K+ ions into cell both against gradient
52
secondary active transport
uses the "driver" moving down the gradient to power the movement of another molecule ATP used directly
53
symporter
transport substance in the same direction as "driver"
54
antiporter
transport substance in the opposite direction as "driver"
55
Vesicular transport
move across membrane (endo/exocytosis)
56
endocytosis
transport into cell (phagocytosis and pinocytosis)
57
phagocytosis
cell eating/ingest cells
58
pinocytosis
cell drinking/ or fluid-phase endocytosis
59
exocytosis
material is ejected from cell; substance ejected is enclosed in secretory vesicle
60
membrane potential
voltage across the plasma membrane *voltage difference in electrical charge btwn 2 points *down gradient
61
inside of cell has more ___ than outside
K+
62
outside of the cell has more ___ than outside
Na+
63
neuron is composed of:
telodendria synaptic terminals axon axon hillock golgi dendrite dendrite branches mitochondria ER nucleus cell body
64
graded potential
short-lived, localized changes in membrane potential *triggered by a change that opens gated ions
65
causes channels to open:
chemical signals binding to receptors changes in charge across the membrane
66
depolarization
potential difference becomes smaller (-70 mV to -65mV) *open Na+ channels allow Na+ to rush into cell
67
hyperpolarization
potential difference becomes greater (-70mV to -75mV) *K+ channels remain open longer than needed to restore resting membrane potential
68
action potential
rapid changes in membrane potential
69
stages of an action potential:
1. resting 2. depolarization 3. repolarization 4. hyperpolarization
70
repolarization
Na+ channels have inactivation gates that quickly stop the flow of Na+ *slower K+ channels open *neg membrane potential
71
propagation (spreading)
-AP transmitted from origin down axon -one direction -Na+ influx through voltage gates in one membrane -no AP is generated
72
refractory period
time in which neuron cannot trigger another AP
73
absolute refractory period
-opening of Na+ channels until resetting of channels -ensures that AP is an all or none event -one way transmission of nerve impulses
74
relative refractory period
-Na+ channels in resting state, some K+ channels still open -repolarization occurs -AP generation is elevated
75
myelinated
depends on the presence or absence of myelin -Schwann cells wrap around axon in a paper towel roll fashion
76
continuous conduction
-in nonmyelinated axons -slow
77
saltatory conduction
-in myelinated axons -30x faster than continuous
78
intensity
all action potentials are alike in magnitude, regardless of stimulus intensity
79
frequency
CNA tells the difference btwn weak and strong stimuli by frequency of impulses -# of APs received per second -higher freq. = stringer stimulus
80
5 components of a reflex arc
1. arrival of stimulus 2. activation of sensory neuron 3. integration-connection 4. activation of motor neuron 5. response by effector
81
Muscle fiber
a single muscle cell
82
types of muscle tissue:
skeletal, smooth, cardiac
83
myofibril
-built from sarcomeres muscle-> fascicle-> muscle fiber-> myofibril
84
sarcomere
-highly ordered and repeating units -attach end to end to form a myofibril -basic contractile element of skeletal muscle
85
sarcomere regions:
I bands A bands H zone M line
86
myofilaments
-keeps sarcomere together -made of actin, myosin, + elastic filaments -creates muscle contractions
87
thin filament
-actin -light under a microscope
88
actin (composed of 3 proteins)
actin, tropomyosin, and troponin -anchored at Z-disk
89
thick filament
in myosin
90
myosin
-2 intertwined filaments with globular heads
91
elastic filament
-runs through the core of thick filament (Z-disk) -stabilize and position thick filament
92
Globular heads
-protrude 360* from thick filament axis
93
sliding filament theory
-actin-myosin interaction -relaxed state ( no interactions; myofilaments overlap) -contracted state (myosin heads pull actin, filaments slide past each other)
94
Sarcolemma conducts ___ ___
action potential
95
transverse tubules carry __ ___ deep into muscle fiber
action potential
96
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) forms network around each _____
myofibril *Ca +2 storage
97
contraction (phase 2)
98
axon terminals form a ______ junction with a ____ ___ (do not touch)
neuromuscular; muscle
99
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
forms from axon terminals (filled with ACh)
100
Acetylcholine (ACh)
neurotransmitter
101
Cross-bridge movement steps:
1. formation 2. power stroke 3. cross-bridge detachment 4. cocking of myosin head
102
creatine phosphate
provide more initial ATP
103
static contraction
muscle produces force but does not change length
104
dynamic contraction
-concentric (muscle shortens while producing force) -eccentric (muscle lengthens while producing force)
105
slow oxidative (SO) fibers
large number of mitochondria and extensive blood supply
106
fast oxidative (FO) fibers
-more tension than SO -primarily for movements that require moderate energy (walking)
107
fast glycolytic (FG) fibers
-high tension -high glycogen amounts -not much myoglobin/mitochondria -quick, powerful contractions
108
myoglobin
transports and stores oxygen
109
hypertrophy
enlargement of muscles -more myofibrils -thick muscle fibers
110
atrophy
loss of muscle mass

Mammalian Physiology I (1 decks)

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