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316 EXAM 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

ADPIE

A

Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Intervention
Evaluation

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2
Q

5 Rights

A

Patient
Med
Dose
Time
Route

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3
Q

The 3 Check

A

CHECK DRUG with MAR when removing from storage

CHECK DRUG when prepping

CHECK DRUG against the eMAR at the bedside

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4
Q

Sound Alike, Look Alike

A

Medications whose spellings or pronunciations are so similar they could be mistaken for one another

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5
Q

How to avoid drug admin errors

A

Check 5 rights
3 checks
Check patient variables (age, sex)
Reading back orders
Don’t rush

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6
Q

Polypharmacy

A

Multiple prescriptions, sometimes for the same condition, that have conflicting pharmacological actions

Avoid by: getting patient information from healthcare and documentation (med reconciliation)

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7
Q

Medication reconciliation

A

Checking what meds they are taking, so that there is one solid list and drugs dont interact in a way that could be harmful

Making sure patients know each med and how to take them and what not to take them with

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8
Q

E-prescribing

A

Use of electronic Rx transferred directly from the MD to pharmacy

More reliable than paper prescriptions

Cant do this with narcotics

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9
Q

Barcoding

A

Use of a barcode scanner to Identify the patient, the meds, and even the pump

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10
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The study of how drug moves throughout the body

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11
Q

ADME

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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12
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of a substance from site of administration across body membranes to circulation fluids

Determines how long before the drug shows it effect (onset)

Things that determine absorption rate:
- size
- form (liquids absorbed faster)
- lipid- soluble absorbed faster
- metabolism
- drug/drug or drug/food interactions

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13
Q

Distribution

A

The transport of pharmacological agents through the body

Things that influence distribution:
- blood flow
- lipid soluble drugs more easily distributed
- tissues can store drugs

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14
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

A group of tight junctions that keep the brains blood flow separate from the rest of the body

Sedatives, anti-anxiety (can pass)

Anti cancer drugs (cannot cross)

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15
Q

Metabolism

A

“Biotransformation”
Changing the medication to a form more easily excreted by the body

LIVER!!! Primary organ for metabolism of drugs
Enzymes in liver can:
- inactivate drugs for easy excretion
- biotransform to result in more active medication

Could cause first pass effect

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16
Q

First pass effect

A

The medication may be rendered inactive as it goes through the liver

Oral will go to liver before it gets to the bloodstream (makes effects less reliable)

IV ensures that medication is sent straight to bloodstream

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17
Q

Excretion

A

The removal of drugs from the body

KIDNEY (primary organ for excretion)
Also lungs (anesthetics), bile (poop), and glands(saliva, sweat)

Water soluble drugs more easily excreted than lipid soluble

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18
Q

Loading Dose

A

Usually a higher dose of the med given one time
- given to quickly achieve therapeutic level

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19
Q

Maintenance Dose

A

The daily dose that a patient will take as long as they are on the drug to keep plasma levels constant

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20
Q

Therapeutic Range

A

The dosage range or serum concentration that achieves the drugs desired effects
Onset, peak, duration
- gives us the chance to see how often to give drug and how much to give

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21
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

Range between a drugs lethal dose and its effective dose

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22
Q

Half-life

A

Length of time required for the plasma concentration of drug to decrease by one-half after administration
-helps determine time we need to give another dose

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23
Q

Half life abbreviations

A

Qd (every day)
Qid (4 times a day)
Tid (3 times a day)
Bid (2 times a day)

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24
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

How does the medicine change the body

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25
Receptor drugs
A macromolecule (protein) to which a medication binds to produce an effect Signals a reaction within the body or can block a reaction from happening
26
Agonist
A drug that mimics the effect of an endogenous molecule Partial agonist - produces a weaker response
27
Antagonist
A drug that occupies the receptor and blocks the endogenous molecule action
28
Lactating clients drug restrictions
Stay away from drugs that can enter the breast milk - H2O soluble lower levels in BM - Protein bound drugs bind to mom Recommendations: - give drugs w shorter half life - use non-pharmacological alternatives
29
Teratogen
An embryo or fetus is exposed to a substance, organism, or physical agent that can produce a permanent abnormality
30
Children’s drug restrictions
Determined by child’s weight
31
Older adults drug considerations
More likely to have polypharmacy - drug/drug interactions - side effects Need more help administering drugs
32
Allergy
Patient should have allergy band Not throwing up (thats a side effect)
33
Anaphylaxis
Life threatening allergies
34
Adverse Recation
An undesired event
35
Side effect
A known, unavoidable response to a med
36
Generic name
There is one generic name (know for NCLEX) Found on the MAR ibuprofen
37
Trade name
There can be many trade names for a single drug. Owned by a company (Advil, Motrin)
38
Therapeutic Class
Drugs classification based off what they are intended for
39
Pharmacological Class
Group of drugs that are classified together because they are similar on a molecular level
40
Prescription (rx)
Ordered by a practitioner Can be more costly Teaching how to use, when to take, what to take it with
41
Over the counter
No prescription needed Self-treatment can be done wrong
42
STAT order
Used in emergency situations To be done immediately
43
PRN
Drug to be administered as needed Requires nursing judgement
44
Single Order
One-time dose of medication
45
Routine/scheduled order
Given on a specific schedule Anything that is not STAT, single order, or PRN is considered routine
46
Continuous Order
IV fluids that run continuously
47
Enteral Route
“Go through GI tract” PO (oral) - capsule, tablet - sublinguinal - buccaneers - nasogastric and gastrostomy tube (if tablet make sure it can be crushed)
48
Topical Route
Applied to skin, eyes, nose, respiratory tract
49
Parenteral Route
“Outside the GI tract” IV, IM, Subq, Intradermal
50
Antidote
Reversal drug - mostly for narcotics
51
Central Nervous System
Brain and spinal cord
52
Cholinergic
ACh neurotransmitter that produces a rest and digest response
53
Anticholinergic
Produces a fight or flight response PNS
54
Rest and digest
Parasympathetic
55
Fight or flight
Sympathetic
56
Muscanarinic
Parasympathetic receptor of ACh Affects smooth muscle and slows heart rate
57
Nicotinic
ACh parasympathetic receptor types Affects skeletal muscle
58
Alpha receptors
Sympathetic receptor type, takes Epi and Norepi Affects blood vessels Alpha 1: vasoconstriction Alpha 2: vasodilation
59
Beta Receptors
Sympathetic receptor type, takes Epi and Norepi Beta 1: affects Heart (inc HR, inc contractility) Beta 2: lungs (bronchodilation, Dec urine contractions)
60
Neurotransmitters
Chemical substances produced and released by axons that transmits a signal to target neurons, cells, or glands
61
Synapse
62
Cholinergic crisis
There’s too much cholinergic given and the parasympathetic system is activated to the point where it becomes dangerous
63
Control over ANS
No control… involuntary
64
SNS
Fight or flight Pupils - dilate Lungs - bronchodilate Heart- tachycardia, inc HR Liver- inc glucose production BV - constrict, inc BP Gastrointestinal - relaxes SM Bladder - relaxes muscle
65
PNS
Rest and digest Pupils - constrict Lungs- bronchioconstrict Heart- Dec HR BV- dilate, Dec BP Gastrointestinal - inc Peristalsis Bladder - constrict bladder SM Salivary - inc salivation
66
2 NT of ANS
SNS NT - Nori, Epi Receptor- Alpha /Beta PNS NT - ACh Receptor - Nicotinic / Muscarinic
67
Mimic SNS
Sympathomimetic Adrenergic agonist Adrenergics - treatment of shock or hypotension
68
Block SNS
Sympatholytics Adrenergic blocker - antihypertensive
69
Mimic PNS
Parasympathomimetic Cholinergic - stimulates SM and contracts
70
Block PNS
Parasympatholytic Anticholinergics - induces fight or flight
71
Fever
Natural defense mechanism for neutralizing foreign organisms If fever is prolonged it becomes dangerous - break down body tissues - reduce mental capacity - lead to delirium/coma
72
Drugs that lead to fevers
- anti infectives (they release pyrogens) - SSRI associated with serotonin - some anesthetics - cytotoxic drugs
73
How to treat a fever
Determine cause!! Over the counter drugs to treat Cold compress Ice packs on Cooling blanket
74
Inflammation
A non-specific defense system of the body Acute and chronic (ongoing)
75
Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
Histamine Leukotrienes Bradykinin Complement Prostaglandins
76
2 Main drug classes to treat inflammation
NSAIDS - good for mild to moderate pain; low side effects Corticosteroids - saved for severe symptoms; serious side effects
77
Corticocosteroids
Hormones released by the adrenal cortex Used to treat cancer, asthma, arthritis Inhibit the biosynthesis of prostaglandins but have multiple mechanisms to treat inflammation MOST POWERFUL anti-inflammatory
78
Cushings Syndrome
Disorder caused by the amount of corticosteroids in the body

316 EXAM 1 (1 decks)

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