Exam 1 Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
hunger
A
a caloric deficit
2
Q
calorie
A
a measurement of energy
3
Q
arable
A
farmable
4
Q
heifer international
A
Proposes that animals may be the solution to poverty and world hunger
5
Q
how many years ago were plants and animals domesticated for food?
A
15,000 years
6
Q
Where were the first agriculturalists?
A
fertile crescent
7
Q
development of cities began with?
A
domestication of animals
8
Q
domestication
A
placing animals into service
9
Q
where was the first poultry crop?
A
Egypt
10
Q
what animals was domesticated first?
A
goats
11
Q
animals are a great way to store…
A
feeds stuff
12
Q
breed
A
“what breeders say it is” or a group of animals that possess certain characteristics that set them apart from others within the species
13
Q
dogs
A
-stem from wolves
-used for companionship, protection, and hunting
14
Q
what is the difference between sheep and goats?
A
sheep are cold climate, and goats are hot climate aniamls
15
Q
What climate do sheep thrive in?
A
cold
16
Q
What climate do goats thrive in?
A
hot/humid
17
Q
poultry
A
used for egg, meat, and sport
18
Q
animal husbandry
A
the art or science of caring for animals
19
Q
palliative care
A
temporarily fixes the symptoms but is not a cure; hospice
20
Q
nimby
A
not in my back yard (associated with large quantities of livestock moved to rural areas)
21
Q
where is the most red meat raised?
A
Iowa
22
Q
if mother nature had the choice all babies would be born in….
A
the spring due to food supply and nutrients
23
Q
what is the easiest way to control reproduction?
A
castration
24
Q
how many farmers are in the US today?
A
2.1 million
25
what percentage of present-day farmers live on a farm?
less than 2%
26
why are american farmers so productive?
-free enterprise
-land and climatic conditions
-education system
-specialized agri-business infrastructure
27
fewer farmers feed...
more people on less land
28
What allows farmers in our country to be so productive?
capitalism
29
How many acres are in the US?
2.26 billion acres
30
How many acres is cropland?
460 million acres
31
What is the percentage breakdown of farmland in the US?
-40% privately owned farms
-15% utilized for crops
-55% grassland, forest, ranges
32
How many farmers used to be in the US?
6.5 million and 30% lived on farms
33
how many people does the average US farmer feed?
166 people
34
what percentage of farmers attend college?
44%
35
Smith-Lever Act of 1914
provided for the creation of the Extention Service
36
Morill Act of 1890
provided for the establishment of a second land grant for segregated southern states
37
Morill Act of 1862
provided for the establishment of one land grant institution in each state
38
Morill Act of 1887
provided for the establishment of an experiment station in each state
39
Meat industry 1873
refrigerated rail cars
40
Meat industry 1875
A&P company formed the first grocery store
41
Meat industry 1911
first delivery truck of livestock reaches Indianapolis, IN
42
Meat industry 1960
transportation shifts from rails to trucks, and packing plants are built near feedlots
43
Meat industry 1967
boxed beef was introduced to better meet consumers desires
44
gestation
length of time from conception to birth
45
ruminant
-1 true stomach with 3 separate special compartments
-can breakdown plant cell walls to receive nutrition
46
monogastric
1 single stomach; simple stomach
47
hind-gut fermenter
fermentation of feeds stuffs that occurs in a separate pouch later in the digestive system; monogastric
48
estrous-cycle
inter-ovulatory period; cycle between ovulation
49
estrus
period of standing heat (when breeding should happen)
50
what is the gestation length for horses?
340 days
51
what kind of breeder are horses?
long day breeders, begin to cycle as photoperiod lengthens
52
what kind of digestive system do horses have?
monogastric; hind-gut fermenters
53
what edible products come from horses?
horse meat
54
hand
4 inches
55
light horse height
more than 14.2 hands
56
pony height
less than 14.2 hands
57
miniature horse
33 inches
58
what are the 4 different types of horses?
light, pony, draft, mini
59
draft horse
-cold-blooded
-1,400-3,500 lbs
-ex. clydesdale, percheron
60
light horses
-hot or warm blooded
-800-1,300 lbs
-ex. hot blooded = Arabian
-ex. quarter horse, saddlebred, TN walker, standard bred
61
quater horse
-first developed in Texas
-4 ranches developed this breed: King ranch, Pitch Fork ranch, 6666, and Waggoner ranch
-fastest at running a quarter mile
62
what is the most popular breed of pony?
hackney
63
donkey
-much tougher than horses
-62 chromosomes
-not picky eaters
-cow like tail
-small
-won't over eat
64
mule
-sterile
-jack x mare
-males are still castrated for behavior purposes
-Hinny (stallion x jenny)
-63 chromosomes
-some mares come into heat occasionally
65
what are the 2 types of cattle? (bovidae)
-bos indicus (zebu cattle)
-bos taurus (european)
66
what digestive system do cattle have?
ruminant
67
Bos Indicus
-"ear" or "hump" cattle
-most populated in India due to religion
-evolved from India
-loose hide
-floppy ears
-well-developed sweat glands
-adaptions for hot climates
-more dewlap, sheath, naval area
68
what type of breeders are cattle?
polysteerous (can breed throughout the year)
69
what is the gestation period of cattle?
283 days; or count back 3 months and up 3 days from the bred day
70
what edible products come from cattle?
-beef <9 month
-veal >9 months
71
bos taurus dairy breeds
-holstein
-jersey
-brown swiss
72
what are the most efficient dairy cow breeds?
-holstein
-jersey
73
beef breeds
-angus
-red angus
-short horn
-hereford
74
angus
-black dominant trait
-most predominant
-naturally polled (no horns)
75
hereford
-first breed brought into the US
-dominate trait for white face
76
disbudding
early removal of horns from calfs
77
dis-horning
removal of horns from adult cattle
78
marbling
intramuscular fat in meat
79
grade
ranking of meat, based off marbling and maturity
80
what are the levels of meat grades; low to high
-select
-low choice
-moderate choice
-high choice
-low prime
-prime
81
value of beef on the market is dependent on....
marbling
82
how has the dairy industry changed over the years in the US?
the amount of dairies have decreased while the production of milk has increased
83
british cattle pros
-maternal
-moderate size
-easy fleshing
-milking ability
-longevity
-carcass traits
84
british cattle cons
-lower performance
-less muscle
-carcass traits
-fat
85
continental cattle pros
-heavy muscled
-high performance
-maternal
-leaner
86
continental cattle cons
-maternal
-less marbling
-slower maturing
-fertility
-mature size
87
bos indicus cons
-disposition
-carcass traits
-do not age well
-marketability
-fertility
88
bos indicus pros
-heat, insect, disease tolerant
-heterosis
-adaptability
-maternal
89
what 4 South American breeds are American Brahman cattle from?
-nelore
-Gyr
-Guzerat
-Indu Brazil
90
Composite or Synthetic breeds are formed by.....
crossbreeding Brahman with British, and continental breeds
91
beefmaster
breed developed by crossing Brahman, Hereford, and Shorthorn
92
What was the first US BEEF breed developed?
Santa Gertrudis
-King ranch in Texas
-5/8 shorthorn, 3/8 Brahman
93
what type of digestive system do sheep have?
ruminat
94
what type of breeders are sheep?
seasonal breeders polyestrous (short day breeders)
95
what is the gestation lenght of sheep?
147-150 days; 5 months
96
what meat product can be harvested from sheep?
-lamb
-mutton
97
what are the main sheep breeds used for meat or medium wool?
-suffolk
-dorset
-hampshire
98
fine wool sheep breeds
-merino from spain
-rambouillet from France
99
what is the predominant breed of sheep in australia?
merino
100
sheep are predominantly used for what in the US?
meat
101
long wool sheep breeds...
-Lincoln
-katahdin (shed naturally)
102
what is the gestation period of goats?
150/153 days
103
what type digestive system do goats have?
ruminant
104
what type of breeder are goats have?
polyestrous (loosely seasonal)
105
meat goat breeds
-Boer (South Africa)
-kiko (New Zealand)
-spanish
106
dairy goat breeds
-LaMancha
-Nubian
-Oberhasli
-Saanen
-Toggenburg
107
What is special about goat milk production?
they have a higher production per body size than cattle
108
goat hair breeds
-Angora
-cashmere
109
what kind of digestive system do pigs have have?
monogastric
110
what is the gestation length of a pig?
115 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)
111
what type of breeders are pigs?
lactational anestrous (do not cycle while lactating)
112
what muscle product comes from pigs?
pork
113
white line pigs
maternal
114
dark colored pigs
meat pigs
115
leanness in hogs is.....
genetic
116
PSS
Porcine Stress Syndrome
117
What is Porcine Stress Syndrome?
when pigs get overly stressed can cause seizure-like activity and they turn red
118
if pigs are harvested while stressed it can cause....
poor quality of pork
119
all shire pigs have
erect ears
120
farrow
pig giving birth
121
the size of a litter usually depends on...
the number of viable teats
122
what is the primary problem in small ruminants?
-predators
-parasites
-feet
123
FAMACHA scoring
exam of lower eyelids in sheep to check the vascularity of the eyelid and anemia to check the parasite level 1-5
124
why is it incorrect to say hormones are the reason why animal products we consume are larger nowadays?
the animals are not old enough at the time of harvest to be receptive to the hormones. The correct answer would be genetic mutation.
125
what type of digestive system do poultry animals have?
monogastric
126
what reproductive system do poultry birds have?
egg laying (oviparous)
127
how long is the incubation period for chicken eggs?
21 days
128
clutch
number of eggs a hen can manage
129
what muscle product comes from poultry?
chicken and turkey
130
purebred birds are...
not used in commercial production
131
what are the 2 types of chickens?
-broiler - meat
-layers - egg
132
egg color is determined by what
the color of the ear lobe if the hen
133
how has bird size increased so drastically?
genetic selection
134
the female bird determines what
the gender of the offspring
135
cloica
-common opening
-chicken reproductive parts
136
what would have a major impact on the poultry industry?
being able to gender select
137
what type of digestive system do turkeys have?
mono gastric
138
how long is a turkeys incubation period?
28 days
139
how are commercial turkeys bred in the us?
by AI for breat size
140
squab
-young immature pigeon
-edible part of pigeon
141
who is the largest producer of quail in the us?
south carolina
142
Cattle scientific name
Bos Taurus or Bos indicus
143
Swine scientific name
Sus scrofa domesticus
144
Horses scientific name
Equus caballus
145
Sheep scientific name
Ovis aries
146
Goats scientific name
Capra hircus
147
Chickens scientific name
Gallus domesticus
148
Turkeys scientific name
Meleagris gallopavo
149
Dogs scientific name
Canis familiaris
150
Cat scientific name
Felis catus
