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MCB 181 (R) > EXAM #1 > Flashcards

EXAM #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organelles found in a eukaryotic cell?

A

-Membrane enclosed nucleus
-Golgi apparatus
-Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Nuclear membrane
-Cytoskeleton
-Cell membrane
-Mitochondrion
-Lysosomes
-Ribosomes
-Chloroplasts (plants)

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2
Q

explain the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

-the ER produces and transports many of the proteins and lipids used inside and outside of the cell
-the ER produces all transmembrane proteins as well as proteins destined for the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, or export to outside of the cell
-the ER is also the site of production of most of the lipids that make up the various cell membranes
-in some cases, the ER accounts for as much a half of the total amount of membrane in a eukaryotic cell
(plant and animal cells)

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3
Q

Do both plants and animals have a smooth and rough ER?

A

yes

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4
Q

what is the function of a lysosome?

A

-lysosomes are specialized vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus that degrade damaged or unneeded macromolecules.
-lysosomes play a key role in intracellular digestion and the recycling of organic compounds.
-lysosomes have a lower average pH level than the rest of the cells’ pH due to their hydrolytic enzymes that can break down macromolecules such as: proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and complex carbohydrates.

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5
Q

the enzymes found in lysosomes are packed by the ___ _____

A

Golgi apparatus

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6
Q

What are the differences between a plant and animal cell?

A

-a plant cell contains chloroplasts, a cell wall (outside the cell membrane), plasmodesmata and larger vacuoles.
-an animal cell has a third cytoskeletal structure (intermediate filaments).
-an animal cell contains very tiny, microscopic vacuoles
-plants harness their energy from the sun and CO2
-animals harness their energy from consuming other animals or plants.
-animals are heterotrophic and plants are autotrophic (can produce their own energy)

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7
Q

What are the differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

A

-most prokaryotes are unicellular organisms and eukaryotic organisms are mostly multicellular organisms
-prokaryotes tend to have a much smaller cell size than eukaryotes
-prokaryotes divide via binary fission and eukaryotes divide by mitosis and meiosis
-eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
-eukaryotes are much larger and complex organisms as their cells have advanced and specialized functions to maintain the organism

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8
Q

explain the functions of the Golgi apparatus (3 main ones)

A

-further modifies proteins and lipids produced by the endoplasmic reticulum.
-acts as a sorting station as the lipids and proteins move to their final destinations
-acts as the major site where carbohydrates are added to proteins and lipids
-glycoproteins are produced mostly in the Golgi apparatus
(plant and animal cells)

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9
Q

What is an organelle?

A

An organelle is a defined compartment that divides the cell contents into smaller spaces where the cells are specialized for different functions. ex: mitochondria are organelles that produce ATP

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10
Q

what is the difference between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

-the rough ER is studded with ribosomes and the smooth ER is not studded with ribosomes.
-the rough ER synthesizes transmembrane proteins, proteins that end up in the interior of organelles and proteins destined for secretion.
-the smooth ER is the site of fatty acid and phospholipid biosynthesis.
-the smooth ER predominates with cells specialized for the production of lipids and contains enzymes that help detoxify some lipid-soluable drugs and harmful metabolic products.

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11
Q

What are the similarities between plant and animal cells?

A

plant and animal cells both have a cell membrane, nucleus, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and a cytoskeleton (microfilaments and microtubules).

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12
Q

explain the function of the cytoplasm

A

the cytoplasm is extra jelly-like space supporting and surrounding the nucleus and other important organelles. (animal and plants cells)

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13
Q

what is the function of mitochondria?

A

-mitochondria are organelles that harness energy from chemical compounds such as sugars and convert it to ATP.
-ATP serves as the universal energy currency of the cell, it is also able to drive many chemical reactions in the cell
-mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration as the oxygen you take in is used by mitochondria to produce ATP.

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14
Q

how many membranes do mitochondria have?

A

mitochondria have two membranes: an outer membrane and a highly convoluted inner membrane whose folds project towards the interior of the cell. Across the inner membrane, a proton electrochemical gradient is generated, and the energy stored in the gradient is used to produce ATP for the cells use.

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15
Q

Why is it important that mitochondria have many folds inside their inner membrane?

A

this is important because the more folds the membrane has, the more surface area is available and the more ATP is synthesized for the cells’ use.

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16
Q

How does the small size of prokaryotes help in obtaining nutrients?

A

their small size allows them to obtain their nutrients from diffusion. they have a large surface to volume ratio, making it easier to absorb nutrients from their environment

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17
Q

What are the similarities between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

A

-both contain a plasma membrane, ribosomes, and they both receive messages from mRNA, telling them what proteins they need to produce.

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18
Q

What is a cell?

A

A cell is the most basic entity that can exist as an independent unit of life.

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19
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell that contains a nucleus (animals, humans, plants, fungi)

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20
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell that does not contain a nucleus (bacteria and archaea)

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21
Q

cells come from ______ cells

A

preexisting

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22
Q

every know organism is either a ____ ____ or an ensemble of many ____.

A

single cell; cells

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23
Q

explain the function of a nucleus

A

the nucleus is the compartment of the cell that houses all of the cells genetic information (DNA). (plant and animal cells)

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24
Q

explain the function of the nuclear membrane

A

the nuclear membrane selectively controls movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus. (animal and plant cells)

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25
Q

the cell is the _____ unit of ____

A

fundamental; life

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26
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum continuous with?

A

The ER, which is bounded by a single membrane, is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.

27
Q

explain the function of a chloroplast

A

chloroplasts capture the energy in sunlight to synthesize simple sugars (glucose). they help plants photosynthesize and release oxygen as a waste product. Chloroplasts have a double outside membrane and a third inside membrane called the thylakoid membrane. (plant cells)

28
Q

In a prokaryote, where is the genetic material concentrated in a discrete region of the cell?

A

the nucleoid.

29
Q

what are the three components of the cell theory?

A

-all organisms are made up of cells
-the cell is the fundamental unit of life
-cells come from pre-existing cells

30
Q

what is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A

the nuclear envelope defines the boundary of the nucleus and the rest of the cell’s organelles. it consists of two lipid bilayer membranes: an inner and outer membrane each with associated proteins. (plant and animals)

31
Q

each membrane of the nuclear envelope are ______ at openings called _____ _____.

A

continuous; nuclear pores. these pores allow molecules to move in and out of the nucleus and are essential for the nucleus to communicate with the rest of the cell.

32
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis, in which amino acids are assembled into polypeptides guided by the information stored in mRNA. (plant and animal cells)

33
Q

how many different types of ribosomes are there and what are they called?

A

-2 different types
-free ribosomes in the cytosol or ribosomes associated with the ER

34
Q

what is the function of a vacuole?

A

vacuoles help aid in storage, ingestion, digestion, excretion, and expulsion of excess water. the large central vacuole found in plant cells help enable plants cells to attain a large size without accumulating excess materials.

35
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

the cytoskeletal system is provides internal support for cells and all eukaryotic cells have at least two cytoskeletal elements.

36
Q

what are the two main cytoskeletal elements in eukaryotes?

A

-microfilaments
-microtubules

37
Q

How are the Golgi apparatus, the ER, ribosomes and lysosomes functionally connected to each other?

A

these organelles are all connected through the endomembrane system. the endomembrane system divides the interior of a cell into 2 distinct spaces: one inside the compartments defined by the different endomembranes and one outside these compartments.

38
Q

what is the cytosol?

A

the cytosol is the jelly-like internal environment of the cell that surrounds the organelles inside the cell membrane.

39
Q

how is a chloroplast different from a mitochondria?

A

chloroplasts are different than mitochondria because plants are the only cells that have chloroplasts, and their function is to gain energy from the sun, whereas mitochondria are found in all eukaryotic cells and gain energy from chemical compounds such as sugars.

40
Q

what is the 3rd cytoskeletal element that just animal cells have?

A

intermediate filaments

41
Q

what are microfilaments?

A

a microfilament is a short, double helix of actin monomers. they’re exclusively branched in the cell cortex, the area of the cytoplasm just beneath the cell membrane. they’re the smallest of all three cytoskeletal elements.

42
Q

what are the functions of microfilaments?

A

-aids in cell shape and support
-cell movement
-cell division
-vesicle transport
-muscle contractions

43
Q

what are microtubules?

A

a microtubule is a hallow tube-like structure in the cell, formed from polymers of protein dimers, each dimer made up of 2 slightly different tubulin proteins (alpha and beta). they’re the largest of the three cytoskeletal elements.

44
Q

what are the functions of microtubules?

A

-cell shape and support
-cell movement
-cell division
-vesicle transport
-organelle arrangement

45
Q

what are intermediate filaments?

A

intermediate filaments are a strong polymer composed of intermediate filament proteins that combine to form strong, cable-like structures in the cell. they have a diameter in between microfilaments and microtubules (10nm).

46
Q

what are the functions of intermediate filaments?

A

-cell shape and support
-mechanical strength

47
Q

are the proteins making up intermediate filaments different from one cell type to another?

A

yes, they differ

48
Q

how do eukaryotes go through cell division?

A

mitosis, cytokinesis and (for some organisms) meiosis.

49
Q

what is mitosis?

A

the division of the nucleus. occurs in somatic cells (non-reproductive cells) or for asexual reproduction, in single-celled eukaryotes. diploid –> diploid. produces two identical daughter cells.

50
Q

how many steps does mitosis have?

A

6 steps:

  1. interphase
  2. prophase
  3. prometaphase
  4. metaphase
  5. anaphase
  6. telophase
51
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

the division of a cell’s cytoplasm. this is technically the last phase of mitosis. in animals, a contractile ring forms against the inner face of the cell membrane. this ring contracts and pinches the cytoplasm of the cell which divides into two. Plants have a cell wall and divide via constructing a new cell wall (called a cell plate) in the middle of the dividing cell.

52
Q

what needs to occur for eukaryotic somatic cells to divide?

A

-DNA needs to replicate
-DNA needs to condense into chromosomes with sister chromatids
-sister chromatids need to attach to the spindle and align in the middle of the cell
-sister chromatids need to separate and travel to opposite poles
-a new nuclear membrane or a cell plate (plant cells) form

53
Q

what is the product of mitosis?

A

two genetically identical nuclei and daughter cells

54
Q

what are the steps of the cell cycle and how many phases does the cell cycle have?

A

the cell cycle consists of two main phases: M phase and interphase. Interphase is the time between two successive M phases when the cell makes preparations for division. there are 4 different subphases in interphase: G0 phase, G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase. there are 2 different subphases of M phase: mitosis and cytokinesis.

55
Q

what occurs in the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

A

cells are not actively dividing; they’re taking a pause in the cell cycle and have done no preparations for DNA synthesis.

56
Q

what occurs in the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

A

in the G1 phase, regulatory proteins such as kinases are made, and those proteins activate enzymes that synthesize DNA. G1 is a time of preparation for DNA synthesis occurring in the S phase.

57
Q

what occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

in the S phase, DNA replication takes place. it’s called the S phase because DNA replication involves the synthesis of DNA.

58
Q

what occurs in the G2 phase of a cell cycle?

A

G2 phase is a time of preparation for M phase as both the size and protein content of the cell increases here. occurs at the end of S phase, before M phase.

59
Q

How is eukaryotic DNA organized?

A

Eukaryotic DNA is organized into several double-stranded linear DNA molecules called chromosomes, which are located inside a membrane-bound nucleus.

60
Q

How many chromosomes do most cells of the human body contain? How many pairs?

A

Somatic cells in the human body contain 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs–one set of 23 from the egg, one set of 23 from the sperm. Gametic cells only contain 23 chromosomes.

61
Q

What is the difference between haploid and diploid?

A

haploid cells (1n) only contain one set of 23 chromosomes. meiotic cell division causes haploid cells. diploid cells (2n) contain two sets of chromosomes (46 total). sexual fusion brings two haploid cells together to create a diploid cell.

62
Q

How do homologous chromosomes differ from sister chromatids?

A

Homologous chromosomes are the two chromosomes that make up a chromosome pair. A sister chromatid is the duplicate of each of the pair of homologous chromosomes. Each of the chromosomes that make up the homologous pair is derived from each parent. Therefore, they are not the same. This means that at the gene level, each of the homologous pair could be carrying different alleles. On the other hand, sister chromatids are the exact duplicates and arise by duplication when the chromosomes undergo mitosis.

63
Q
A

MCB 181 (R) (3 decks)

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