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exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

define science

A

a way of knowing, a method to seek answers, a process of using observation and experiments to draw evidence-based conclusions

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2
Q

define biology

A

the study of life

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3
Q

list and describe the steps of the scientific method (process)

A
  1. observation
  2. hypothesis
  3. experiment
  4. analyze data
  5. conclusion
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4
Q

define hypothesis

A

a testable and falsifiable explanation for a scientific observation or question

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5
Q

define independent variable

A

the factor being deliberately changed

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6
Q

define dependent variable

A

measured result of an experiment

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7
Q

define randomized controlled trials

A

a controlled medial experiment in which subjects are randomly chosen to receive either an experimental treatment or a standard treatment

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8
Q

define case control study

A

a type of epidemiological study to assess an association between an exposure and an outcome

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9
Q

explain steps of well-designed experiment

A

a. includes a control group
b. includes an experimental group
c. experiment is known as a controlled experiment

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10
Q

identify control group

A

experiences no experimental manipulation

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11
Q

identify experimental group

A

experiences the experimental manipulation

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12
Q

define cofounding variable

A

influences both the independent and the dependent variable

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13
Q

define statistical significance

A

a measure of confidence that the results obtained are “real” and not due to chance

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14
Q

define blind study

A

the participant doesn’t know if they received the placebo or the real treatment but the experimenter does

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15
Q

define double-blind study

A

neither the participant nor the experimenter know weather they received the real treatment or the placebo

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16
Q

define scientific theory

A

an explanation of the natural world that is supported by a large body of evidence and has never been disproved

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17
Q

does science have the ability to “prove” something?

A

science cannot prove anything but it can create a substantial amount of evidence to support a claim

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18
Q

what are anecdotes

A

conclusions informally vetted, inspired by evidence, based on personal experience, conclusions published on social media, conclusions are not reliable

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19
Q

what is scientific evidence

A

hundred/thousands of date points examined, hypotheses are examined, data subjected to statistical analysis

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20
Q

separating facts from conclusions

A
  • facts are true and can be verified
  • conclusions are developed from the facts
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21
Q

distinguishing between correlation and causation

A
  • correlation: a consistent relationship between two variables
  • causation: the relationship because of cause and effect
  • correlation between two variables does not prove that one variable causes the other
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22
Q

what is peer review?

A

a review of an article by experts before publication to weed out sloppy research

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23
Q

how to interpret science in the news

A

look at:
study size
model system
replication (can it be repeated)
hyped language
outside input
funding source
publication reputation

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24
Q

define epidemiology

A

the study of patterns of disease in populations, including risk factors

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25
Q

define chemistry

A

the identification of the substances of which matter is composed

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26
Q

list & describe characteristics of living organisms

A
  • grow: increase in size
  • reproduce: produce new organisms
  • maintain homeostasis: maintain a stable internal environment, even when external environment changes
  • sense and respond to stimuli: for example, for towards sunlight or away from predators
  • obtain and use energy: obtain energy from food, chemical reactions convert the energy into usable forms
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27
Q

what is matter composed of?

A

anything that takes up space and has mass

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28
Q

what are elements composed of?

A

atoms

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29
Q

what are atoms composed of?

A

protons, electrons, and neutrons

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30
Q

explain atomic structure

A
  • has a nucleus (protons and neutrons)
  • electrons are outside of the nucleus in the electron shell and create chemical bonds
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31
Q

what is indicated by the atomic number?

A

the number of protons in an atom

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32
Q

what is indicated by the mass number?

A

the number of protons plus neutrons

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33
Q

what is an isotope?

A

different forms of an element, vary by number of neutrons

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34
Q

what is an ion?

A

an electrically charged atom, the charge resulting from the loss or gain of electron

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35
Q

what atoms tend to form chemical bonds?

A

an atom that lacks electrons will form a chemical bond with an atom that can “spare” the outer electrons

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36
Q

name 3 main types of chemical bonds

A
  1. covalent
  2. ionic
  3. hydrogen
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37
Q

how is a covalent bond formed?

A

a strong interaction resulting from the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms

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38
Q

how is an ionic bond formed?

A

a strong electrical attraction between oppositely charged ions formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another

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39
Q

how is a hydrogen bond formed?

A

a weak electrical attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and an atom with a partial negative charge

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40
Q

what are the properties of water?

A
  • water is sticky (cohesion/adhesion)
  • water can abord a lot of energy (large liquid range)
  • ice is less dense than liquid water (ice floats)
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41
Q

define solvent

A

a substance in which another substance dissolves

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42
Q

define solute

A

a dissolved substance

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43
Q

define solution

A

the mixture of solute and solvent

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44
Q

what is an acid?

A

higher concentration of hydrogen ions

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45
Q

what is a base?

A

higher concentration of hydroxide ions

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46
Q

what is a salt?

A

pairs of oppositely charged ions

47
Q

what is the pH scale?

A
  • the measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
  • ranges from 0-14, 7 being neutral, 14 being basic, 0 being acidic
48
Q

what is the function of a buffer?

A

to resist the change of the pH

49
Q

what are the properties of carbon?

A
  • key component of the molecules of living organisms
  • can form multiple covalent bonds
  • can bond with up to 4 atoms
50
Q

what are organic molecules?

A

molecules that have carbon-based backbones and at least on C-H bond

51
Q

what are inorganic molecules?

A

molecules that lack carbon-based backbones and C-H bond

52
Q

what is dehydration?

A

the removal of a water molecule to build dimers and polymers from monomers

53
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

the addition of a water molecule to breakdown a polymer into individual monomers

54
Q

what are the four classes of organic molecules?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
55
Q

what is a macromolecule?

A

large organic molecules, composed of monomers

56
Q

what are monomers?

A

one chemical subunit of a polymer

57
Q

what are polymers?

A

a molecule made up of monomers linked together in a chain

58
Q

what is a monosaccharide?

A

a monomer

59
Q

what is an oligosaccharide?

A

a small polymer

60
Q

what is a polysaccharide?

A

a large polymer

61
Q

what are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

good for energy storage

62
Q

what are carbohydrates made of?

A

repeating subunits of monomers

63
Q

what are complex sugars?

A

larger molecules that take longer to breakdown

64
Q

what are simple sugars?

A

good for a quick boost of energy

65
Q

how are simple sugars and polysaccharides different?

A

simple sugars are only good for a quick boost of energy whereas polysaccharides are larger and take longer to breakdown therefore giving longer periods of energy

66
Q

what are the three types of lipids and their functions?

A
  • triglycerides: used for long-term energy storage
  • phospholipids: form the cell membrane
  • steroids: help with cell membranes and chemical signaling
67
Q

difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

A

saturated - solid at room temperature
unsaturated - liquid at room temperature

68
Q

what are proteins composed of?

A

folded polymers which are made up of repeating units of amino acids

69
Q

explain the four levels of protein structure

A

primary: linear sequence of amino acids
secondary: repeated patterns formed by hydrogen bonds
tertiary: 3-D folded pattern of polypeptide
quaternary: protein composed of multiple polypeptides

70
Q

various functions of proteins in the body

A
  • structural (hair)
  • enzymes (increase the amount of energy required of a chemical reaction)
71
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

proteins

72
Q

how do enzymes work?

A

they lower the activation energy of the reaction which in turn increases the rate of the reaction

73
Q

define specificity

A

enzyme will act only on molecules that have a specific, functional group

74
Q

define substrate

A

molecule that an enzyme reacts with

75
Q

define product

A

molecule that is produced by the chemical reaction catalyzed by the enzyme

76
Q

define cofactor

A

addition of another non-protein molecule to function as an enzyme

77
Q

define coenzyme

A

organic compounds required by many enzymes for catalytic activity

78
Q

what does the denaturation of proteins mean?

A

the structure of the protein is exposed to changes

79
Q

what happens when the protein denatures?

A

the hydrogen bonds present in the protein get disturbed

80
Q

what are nucleic acids composed of?

A

linked up nucleotide subunits
DNA & RNA

81
Q

monomer of a nucleic acid

A

neuclotides

82
Q

polymer of a nucleic acid

A

DNA & RNA

83
Q

how do DNA and RNA differ?

A

DNA has two chains of bonded nucleotides (A, C, G, T)
RNA has one chain of bonded nucleotides (A, C, G, U)

84
Q

what are the principles stated by the cell theory?

A
  • all living things are made of one or more cells
  • the cell is the basic unit of life
  • every new cell comes from the division of a pre-existing cell
85
Q

how are eukaryotic cells different from prokaryotic cells?

A

have membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus, found in humans

86
Q

how permeable is the plasema membrance?

A

semipermeable

87
Q

what components are found as part of the plasma membrane?

A

lipids(phopholipids), proteins, carbohydrates

88
Q

how does passive transport differ from active transport?

A
  • no energy required
  • moves from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
89
Q

list and describe the different types of passive transport

A
  • diffusion: natural tendency of dissolved substances to move from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
  • facilitated diffusion: substances more “downhill” by a transport protein form an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concertation
  • osmosis: water’s tendency to move across cell membrane
  • filtration: results in the separation of solid matter from a liquid
90
Q

what transport processes require membrane proteins?

A

facilitated diffusion, active transport

91
Q

what is osmosis?

A

water’s tendency to move across cell membrane

92
Q

how to cells react in a isotonic solution

A

there is no net movement of water direction that will tend to even out the solute concentration on each side of the membrane

93
Q

how to cells react when placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

takes up water and swells

94
Q

how to cell react when placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

lose water and shrivel

95
Q

what occurs in endocytosis?

A

cell use the cell membrane to engulf large items and bring it into the cell wrapped in an endocytic vesicle

96
Q

what occurs in exocytosis?

A

a secretory vesicle merges with the cell membrane, and its contents are ejected from the cell

97
Q

what is the role of the receptor protein?

A

to trigger endocytosis when they bind to certain molecules outside the cell

98
Q

describe active transport

A
  • requires energy
  • low to high concentration
  • against concentration scale
  • receives help from transport proteins
99
Q

why is the sodium-potassium pump important?

A

helps maintain cell potential and regulates cellular volume

100
Q

how does a potassium pump work?

A

moves potassium into the cell and sodium ions out the cell, against the concentration gradient

101
Q

what is the role of the nucleus?

A

interprets genetic information

102
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes?

A

read the genetic information and make proteins

103
Q

where are ribosomes located?

A

in the cytoplasm

104
Q

what is the function of the smooth/rough ER?

A

synthesize proteins and lipids

105
Q

what are vesicles?

A

tiny sacs that transport material within or outside the cell

106
Q

list four different types of vesicles

A
  • vacuoles
  • lysosomes
  • transport vesicles
  • secretory vesicles
107
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A

extract energy from food, convert it into a useful form

108
Q

define lysosomes

A

full of digestive enzymes, break down worn-out cell parts and food molecules

109
Q

define peroxisomes

A

converts toxic hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

110
Q

what is the cytoskeleton made up of?

A

protein fibers

111
Q

what is endosymbiosis?

A

free-living prokaryotic cells engulfed other free-living prokaryotic cells billons of years ago, forming the mitochondria and chloroplasts

112
Q

mechanism of penicillin

A

weakens the bacterial cell wall, so that it can no longer withstand the pressure of the incoming water

113
Q

mechanism of streptomycin

A

interferes with protein synthesis by bacterial ribosomes

Bio (4 decks)

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