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CMN 260 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

WHO defines 4 dimensions of health

A

physical, social, spiritual, intellectual

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2
Q

Biomedical model

A

solely physical, like a machine

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3
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

physical, as well as feelings, ideas, experiences

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4
Q

Sociocultural model

A

accounts for social dynamics and culture

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5
Q

Imhotep (ancient egypt)

A

1st known physician, used Religio-empirical approach (combining spiritual and physical study)

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6
Q

Hippocrates (ancient greece)

A

founded scientific medicine, medical ethics, rational/empirical approach - Humoral theory of illness, hippocratic oath

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7
Q

Humoral theory of illness

A

disease caused by disproportionate amount of blood, phlegm, bile

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8
Q

Rational/ empirical approach

A

disease best understood by careful observation, logical analysis

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9
Q

Hippocratic Oath

A

ethical standards for medicine (respect, no intentional wrongdoing, patient confidentiality)

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10
Q

Middle ages (dark ages)

A

faith emphasized (secular medicine banned), plague killed many, monks and barbers were surgeons

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11
Q

Rennaissance (15th and 16th centuries)

A

principle of verification (biomedical approach), cartesian dualism

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12
Q

cartesian dualism

A

separation between mind/soul and body, created 2 different branches of health

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13
Q

New Western World (17th and 18th centuries)

A

epidemics in new world from europe, mostly folk medicine (traditional healing concepts)

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14
Q

institutionalization

A

Prisons (war on drugs, racial inequality), mental institutions (chloropromazine, antipsychotic medication)

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15
Q

Modernization (1800s - 1950s)

A

institutionalization, orthodox medicine, germ theory

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16
Q

orthodox medicine

A

scientific medicine only, more physician training (flecner report)

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17
Q

flecner report (1910)

A

more requirements for medical training (2/3 medical schools closed, less folk medicine)

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18
Q

germ theory

A

germs lead to disease (helped lessen infant mortality)

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19
Q

1950s

A

emergence of modern medicine (increased demand for healthcare post WWII, gov involved, Hill-Burton Act)

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20
Q

Hill-burton act

A

construction of many hospitals, esp in rural areas

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21
Q

1960s

A

Golden age of american medicine (widespread private insurance, medicare/medicaid introduced, hospitals more central, doctor prestige/salary grew)

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22
Q

1970s

A

US starts to lag, questioning system abt access, cost, effectiveness

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23
Q

1980s

A

Great Transformation (third party players larger role, medicare and private insurance implement cost containment, greying)

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24
Q

greying

A

focus shifts from treating acute to treating chronic conditions

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25
1990s (paradigm shift)
connection btwn health and lifestyle, care focused on lifestyle/diet
26
2000-now -current issues
health disparities and ppl uninsured, healthcare is a luxury, opioid crisis, shortage of medical professionals
26
Longevity
living as long as possible (shift from acute to chronic illness, preventing infectious disease) (early and preventative care - US is behind, costing more money)
26
Why are americans unhealthy?
dietary habits, physical inactivity, socioeconomic disparities, cultural attitudes
27
quantity of life
number of health years past age 60
28
quality of life
insurance, quality of care, disease prevalence, pollution, economic measures, social relationships
29
inelastic demand (healthcare is one)
supply and demand for something is unaffected when price changes (can't put a price on not dying)
30
premiums
set monthly payments
31
deductibles
pay 100% of care until certain point
32
copay
pay a certain percentage of care after the deductible
33
Fee-for-service
doctors paid for each service provided (used in traditional, PPO, HDHP)
34
capitated system
doctors paid set monthly amount per patient (used in HMO)
35
Conventional Insurance
used at any doctor, more expensive, about 1% of US uses
36
Managed care
limited providers, began in 1970s, 3 types
37
Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)
providers hired by insurance, consistent copay, cheapest option, capitated
38
Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)
providers contract with insurance, patients use providers on preferred list, copay varies, always deductible, free for service
39
High Deductible Health Plan (HDHP)
for those sick or with chronic illness, high deductible and low premium, least amount of preventive care, can invest in health savings account
40
Upper limit
cap on out of pocket payment
41
Affordable Care Act
act in 2010 to expand access to health insurance - requiring coverage of pre-existing conditions, capping out of pocket costs, eliminating limits on coverage, expanding access to medicaid
42
medicaid
gov program providing health coverage to low income
43
ACA components
mandated health insurance for all (ended in 2019), employers w 50+ employees must offer coverage, no recission (terminating users insurance), can stay on parent's plan until age 26
44
rescission
health care companies terminating users' insurance (not allowed after ACA)
45
Iron Triangle of health care
access, cost, quality (can't all be improved at once)
46
Socialized medicine
government owns and operates all healthcare, pays for services
47
universal coverage
everyone has access to health insurance, mix of public and private providers
48
Bismarck model
health care providers and payers all private entities, multi-payer model, insurance plans cover everyone and don't profit (US- most working ppl under 65)
49
Beveridge Model
healthcare provided and paid for by government, single-payer (US - native americans, military, veterans)
50
national health insurance model
government-run insurance, everyone pays into it, private providers, single-payer (US- ppl over 65, ppl with low income)
51
single payer model
single entity collects funds that pay for healthcare
52
multi payer model
multiple entities (insurance companies) allowed to collect and pay for healthcare
53
Out of pocket model
multi-payer, rich get care, poor don't (US - uninsured people)
54
Categorical variable
data with a fixed number of values (gender, hair color, etc)
55
Continuous variable
data that can take any value (age, height, test score, etc)
56
Moderating variable
variable that can change relationship between independent and dependent variables
57
External validity
generalizablility of a study to other situations/groups
58
internal validity
extent to which the observed results represent the truth in the studied population
59
reliability
how consistent study results are, how accurately they reflect the thing they are studying
60
cross-sectional
data collected at one point in time
61
longitudinal
data is collected at multiple points in time
62
Bureaucracy
structured organization where teams perform specialized functions under authority of more powerful ppl. Hierarchical, governed by policy/rules. executives design policies, supervisors enforce, frontline workers enact
63
Theory of personal causation
people want to be treated as origins, not pawns
64
theory x, theory y
prodding workers vs appreciating
65
organic view of health
biomedical model, germ theory, evidence based - used in western medicine
66
harmony view of health
health is sense of balance, equilibrium, biopsychosocial, rejects cartesian dualism, holistic, supports biophilia hypothesis, used in eastern medicine
67
holistic
all parts are connected, related to biopsychosocial model
68
biophilia hypothesis
people have an inherent belonging to nature, derive a sense of well being to it

CMN 260 (3 decks)

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