Exam 1 Flashcards
(31 cards)
What make Science Scientific?
Falsifiability
Falsefiability
can prove the evidence to be wrong. Theory or hypothesis that can be proven wrong.
B.S VS. Lies
- B.S.: the person does not care what is true and what is not true? They just want you to believe in them. This is the biggest threat to society
- Lies: they know the truth and don’t
Common Characteristics of Pseudoscience
- Overuse of ad hoc hypothesis to escape refutation
- make up an excuse for why it’s wrong
- the addition of extraneous hypothesis to a theory - Emphasis on confirmation
- focus on what supports their hypothesis while ignoring or minimizing evidence that goes against their hypothesis - Absence of Self correction
- real science changes overtime. it evolves
- pseudoscience resists change - Reversed burden of proof
- prove me wrong
- you can’t prove them wrong - Over reliance on testimonials and anecdotal evidence
- single stories of someone’s experience
- evidence comes from personal experience rather than data - Use of obscurantist language
- confusing
- large words
- hard to understand
- words are used incorrectly - Absence of connectivity with other discipline
- an entire discipline is wrong if it make your study true.
Homeopathic remedies
- you can cure a symptom by administering an ingredient that causes that symptom in a health person
- they have no effect on people
- very diluted to have any effect, or have active ingredients
Chaser Plus: freedom from hangovers
- help avoid hangover
take 2 tablet with your first drinnk
Thought field therapy
- developed by Dr. Roger Callahan
- natural free drug
- eliminates the cause of negative emotion
- up 98% success rate
Thought field therapy trainings: Algorithm Trained (Level 1 and 2)
- basic skills to treat trauma, addictive urges, anger, anxiety, phobia, panic attack, obession, OCD, depression, grief, rage, shame, and guilt
- 80% success rate
Thought field therapy trainings: Diagnostically trained
- Higher level
- psychological and some physical problems
- 95% success rate
Thought field therapy trainings: Voice technology
- highest level
- voice based casual diagnostic procedure to offer individualized treatment for almost all psychological and some physical problem
Emotional Freedom technique
- focusing your attention on the source of your stress and talking about it which can be helpful
EMDR
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
- used for PTSD
- follow someone’s finger
Subliminal Self help
- burried self help messages, so quite you can’t detect, it will directly influence the subconscious mind
- problem: you can’t hear it
- where does it come from? lots of cognitive research. you must be to see it and detect it.
Ten Commandments of methodology
The problem: very little research is out there on child treatment outcomes
- little research on the effect of adult medication on children
- adult medication can result in different outcomes and effects for children
- the little that does exisy is not on very solid ground
Why don’t people do more research?
- most people who could be doing it avoid it because they believe they can’t live up to the proper methodological standards. It’s too hard.
- or having attemped it, they fall to find anything significant and give on publishing. Journals strongly favor statistically significant results. rejection of hypothesis
- since it’s so hard to do it right many people are advised to do easier research instead in order to further their careers
Ten Commandments: 1
Thou shalt have a control or comparision group
- the control group does not receive the mainipulation or is changed.
Ten Commandments: 2
Use a truly representative sample or clinical group (and have all of them for the duration of the study)
- there is no such thing where any stays for the whole duration of the study
- best to have people that are seeking treatment. they are less likely to dropout of the study
- Differential dropout across groups is particularly fatal. This is where there are different # of people in each group
Ten Commandments: 3
Subjects must be randomly assigned to treatment and control groups (to ensure group equivalence)
- In huge samples you can gurantee that it is random assignment
random assignment does not work in small groups/samples
Ten Commandments: 4
Sufficient cell size: This is actually much more important than overall sample size.
- how many people are in each cell
- cell size determines statistical power
Ten Commandments: 5
Pre- and Post treatment data. can be used to control for lack of group equivalence
Ten Commandments: 6
Follow- up data
- if the treatment effects aren’t maintained for weeks or months, can the treatment be said to have worked
Ten Commandments: 7
Multimodal Measurement
- outcomes should be measured in all areas of the child’s life likely to be influenced by the treatment.
- the problem: the more variables you measure, the lower your cell size, thus the lower your power, thus your chances of finding anything
Ten Commandments: 8
Measurement reliability and validity
- reliability= consistency and Validity =accuracy. How accurately is it measuring the variable
Ten Commandment 9:
Measurement bias
- observers and interviewers should not be knowledgeable about either experimental hypotheses or (especially) treatment group
- demand chracteristics should be avoided.
- avoid experimenter bias: experimentor or researcher to introduce bias into the experiment.
- Interrater reliability: measure of consistency to evavluate how much two oberservers agree
- Demand chracteristics: a cue that makes a participant aware of what the researcher wants or is looking for. they should be avoided.
- reactivity: participants act a certain way because they are being observed. change one’s behavior because they know they are being watched.
