exam 1 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
- Variability within one species is a(n) …… evolutionary change.
A. unwanted byproduct of
B. essential condition for
C. barrier to
D. precursor of
A
B. essential condition for
2
Q
- When a property is recessively inherited, then
A. it is a detrimental feature.
B. this property is determined by sex-linked chromosomes.
C. the property must be passed by both parents to express itself in the phenotype.
D. only parents who have this feature can pass it to their children.
A
C. the property must be passed by both parents to express itself in the phenotype.
3
Q
- Which of the following options is the most direct determinant of gene expression?
A. The moment in development
B. The biochemical environment within a cell
C. The biochemical environment outside a cell
D. The total environment
A
B. The biochemical environment within a cell
4
Q
- A brother and a sister with the same parents probably have
A. the same set of 46 chromosomes.
B. no chromosome in common.
C. about 50% of the chromosomes in common.
D. the same chromosome except the sex chromosome.
A
C. about 50% of the chromosomes in common.
5
Q
- When an individual is homozygous for a particular gene, then this individual has
A. two recessive alleles.
B. two dominant alleles.
C. one recessive and one dominant allele.
D. two identical alleles.
A
D. two identical alleles.
6
Q
- The two parts of the peripheral nervous system are
A. the brain and spinal cord.
B. the somatic and the autonomous nervous system.
C. the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system.
D. the autonomous and sympathetic nervous system.
A
B. the somatic and the autonomous nervous system.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS): Controls involuntary bodily functions and regulates glands.
Somatic nervous system (SNS): Controls muscle movement and relays information from ears, eyes and skin to the central nervous system.
7
Q
- Neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron A have an excitatory effect on the
postsynaptic neuron B as
A. they increase the potential difference between the inside and outside of the presynaptic
neuron A.
B. they lower the potential difference between the inside and outside of the presynaptic
neuron A.
C. they increase the potential difference between the inside and outside of the postsynaptic
neuron B.
D. they lower the potential difference between the inside and outside of the postsynaptic
neuron B.
A
D. they lower the potential difference between the inside and outside of the postsynaptic
neuron B.
8
Q
- During a brain operation, a part of the primary motor projection area is stimulated in a
patient. As a result of this stimulation, the left leg of the patient moves. The most likely place
of stimulation was the part of the … lobe.
A. left Frontal
B. right Frontal
C. left Parietal
D. right Parietal
A
B. right Frontal
The frontal lobes are important for voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions
9
Q
- Some agonists cause an effect by
A. an increase in reuptake.
B. blocking the receptors.
C. mimicking a neurotransmitter.
D. a decrease of a precursor.
A
C. mimicking a neurotransmitter.
10
Q
- In which of the following techniques is the electrical activity of the brain recorded?
A. fMRI
B. PET
C. EEG
D. CT
A
C. EEG
11
Q
- While driving to a store, your mind wanders, and you are surprised to find that you have arrived. This experience supports the idea that:
A. automatic processes need awareness.
B. automatic processes do not need awareness.
C. awareness needs automatic processes.
D. awareness does not need automatic processes.
A
B. automatic processes do not need awareness.
12
Q
- In the technique known as shadowing, a research participant repeats back:
A. text they are reading.
B. their internal monologue.
C. words heard in one ear.
D. their current conversation.
A
C. words heard in one ear.
Shadowing is a language learning technique where you repeat an audio just after you hear it
13
Q
- Frank Tong and colleagues superimposed a house onto a face and asked participants to
make judgments about what they saw. What were the participants’ brain responses?
A. The brain activity changed depending on whether participants reported seeing a house or a
face.
B. The brain noticed both equally, meaning that eventually everything becomes conscious.
C. The unconscious brain became confused and thus the participants were unable to see either
the house or the face.
D. The brain emitted large, slow-wave activity equally for both images.
A
A. The brain activity changed depending on whether participants reported seeing a house or a
face.
14
Q
- Which of the following statements regarding the brain during sleep is NOT correct?
A. Sleep is an altered state of consciousness.
B. The brain shuts down during sleep.
C. Complex thinking can occur during sleep.
D. Conscious experience of the outside world is largely turned off during sleep.
A
B. The brain shuts down during sleep.
15
Q
- The Weber fraction for weights discrimination is about 1/40. How many grams should
you add to a standard weight of 240 grams to detect a difference?
A. 2 grams
B. 3 grams
C. 6 grams
D. 40 grams
A
C. 6 grams
16
Q
- An observer sees two equal trees. One tree is at a distance of 20 meters from the observer
and the other tree is at a distance of 100 meters from the observer. The retinal image of the
first tree will be … the second tree.
A. larger than the retinal image of
B. smaller than the retinal image of
C. equal to the retinal image of
D. the inverse of the retinal image of
A
A. larger than the retinal image of
17
Q
- Which of the following statements is true?
A. The density of cones and rods in the retina increases from the fovea to the periphery.
B. In the fovea there are mainly rods, while the cones are mostly in the periphery.
C. In the retina there are no cones and rods where the optic nerve exits the eye.
D. All of the above options are correct.
A
C. In the retina there are no cones and rods where the optic nerve exits the eye.
18
Q
- Suppose the distance between the eyes can be increased. This would have the following
effect:
A. an increase in binocular disparity.
B. a decrease in binocular disparity.
C. an increase in the effect of motion parallax.
D. a reduction in the effect of motion parallax.
A
A. an increase in binocular disparity
19
Q
- A subject is asked how he perceives the following stimulus:
-* -* -*
The subject reports that this stimulus is perceived as three pairs, each of which contains a dash
and an asterisk. This subject grouped the stimuli based on
A. similarity.
B. proximity.
C. continuity.
D. closure.
A
B. proximity.
20
Q
- The path that brings visual information to the parietal lobe is the
A. What system.
B. Where system.
C. Why system.
D. When system.
A
B. Where system.
Where system -> a pathway in the brain concerned with locating objects in space and where the viewer is in space in relation to these objects. This pathway starts in the primary visual cortex and proceeds dorsally toward the parietal cortex.
21
Q
- A tap with a hammer just under the knee leads to a lower leg movement, the knee reflex.
This movement that occurs after a tap with a hammer is an example of a(n)
A. Unconditioned response.
B. Conditioned response.
C. Unconditioned stimulus.
D. Conditioned stimulus.
A
A. Unconditioned response.
22
Q
- In classical conditioning an animal learns the relation between … .; In instrumental
conditioning, an animal learns the relationship between ….
A. CR and US; Stimulus and response
B. CS and UR; Stimulus and response
C. CR and UR; Response and reward
D. CS and US; Response and reward
A
D. CS and US; Response and reward
In classical conditioning, a person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus, or CS) with a stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus, or US)
In instrumental conditioning, reinforcement or punishment are used to either increase or decrease the probability that a behavior will occur again in the future
23
Q
- Which rat will show the fastest extinction of pushing a button? A rat trained with
A. a VR 10 scheme of reinforcement.
B. a VR 5 scheme of reinforcement.
C. a FR 12 scheme of reinforcement.
D. Continuous reinforcement.
A
D. Continuous reinforcement.
24
Q
- A child is continuously seeing the same stimulus. Eventually, the child loses any interest
in the stimulus. This decrease in response represents
A. the learning curve.
B. the law or effect.
C. habituation.
D. stimulus generalization.
A
C. habituation.
25
25. According to the stadia theory of memory
A. items are broken down in memory.
B. items only come in long-term memory (LTM) after they have been in short-term memory
(STM).
C. all items from short-term memory (STM) are eventually transferred to long-term memory
(LTM).
D. b and c
B. items only come in long-term memory (LTM) after they have been in short-term memory
(STM).
26
26. In a memory task, subjects are sometimes asked to count back during the interval between
stimulus presentation and reporting. Why is this back-counting task used?
A. This task contributes to a higher concentration.
B. This task keeps the subject alert.
C. This task prevents interference from other matters.
D. This task overwrites the contents of working memory.
D. This task overwrites the contents of working memory.
27
27. In a verbal learning study, retroactive interference proved to be a major cause of
forgetting. This study showed that
A. the probability of remembering information decreased with the amount of information
previously learned.
B. the probability of remembering information increased with the amount of information
previously learned.
C. the probability of remembering information decreased with the amount of information
learned later.
D. the probability of remembering information increased with the amount of information
learned later.
C. the probability of remembering information decreased with the amount of information
learned later.
28
28. The name of your primary school teacher is probably saved in your .... When you try to
recall this name, you are basically engaged in an ... memory task.
A. long-term memory; explicit
B. long term memory; implicit
C. random access memory; explicit
D. random access memory; implicit
A. long-term memory; explicit
29
29. Which of the following findings is an indication that analogue (mental) images are not the
same as perceptual images.
A. Mental images cannot be rotated.
B. Mental images cannot be scanned.
C. Mental images cannot easily be reinterpreted.
D. Mental images can easily be reinterpreted.
C. Mental images cannot easily be reinterpreted.
30
30. Max knows one person from New Zealand. This person is friendly and considerate. When
asked what he thinks people in New Zealand are like, Max answers that he thinks they are
friendly and considerate. This judgment is probably based on
A. the representativeness of heuristics.
B. the availability heuristics.
C. framing effects.
D. the confirmation bias.
A. the representativeness of heuristics.
The representativeness heuristic occurs when we estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it is to a known situation.
31
31. A person must solve a very difficult problem. In order to increase the probability that he
actually comes up with the solution, one needs
A. to maximize the reward for solving the problem.
B. to encourage the person to use analogies.
C. to reinforce the mental set of the person.
D. all of the above options are correct.
B. to encourage the person to use analogies
analogical representations ->
Mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of what they represent.
32
32. Judi is six years old and in a Binet intelligence test she solves all the items that an average
nine-year-old can solve. She cannot solve the items that can be resolved by an average 10 year
old. Judi's IQ is according to Binet:
A. 50 points.
B. 100 points.
C. 150 points.
D. impossible to determine based on the above.
C. 150 points.
33
33. Among the group of people with an IQ lower than 70, one can distinguish between people
with an IQ between 40 and 55 and people with an IQ between 55 and 70. Which statement is
correct?
A. There are fewer people with an IQ between 40 and 55 than people with an IQ between 55
and 70.
B. There are as many people with an IQ between 40 and 55 as people with an IQ between 55
and 70.
C. There are more people with an IQ between 40 and 55 than people with an IQ between 55
and 70.
D. There is no way to decide.
A. There are fewer people with an IQ between 40 and 55 than people with an IQ between 55
and 70.
34
34. Twin studies show that the correlation for intelligence between monozygotic twins is not
perfect. This specific finding suggests that
A. intelligence is also determined by genetic factors.
B. intelligence is also determined by environmental factors.
C. intelligence is determined by both genetic and environmental factors.
D. intelligence is not determined by genetic and environmental factors.
B. intelligence is also determined by environmental factors.
35
35. According to Charles Spearman, the intercorrelations between WAIS-R subtests are not
perfect because
A. people vary too much in their intelligence score.
B. there is a general intelligence factor.
C. there are specific intelligence factors.
D. people vary too little in their intelligence score.
C. there are specific intelligence factors.
The test does not assess non-academic skills that can play an important role in success and well-being, such as motivation, creativity, emotional intelligence, and social skills
36
36. When the heritability ratio is high, behavior is predominantly determined by
A. genetic factors.
B. environmental factors.
C. phenotype.
D. differences in education.
A. genetic factors.
37
37. Object permanence refers to the child's awareness that
A. various actions are coordinated in one organized scheme.
B. the mass of an object does not change despite transformations in the shape of that object.
C. objects exist regardless of perception or action.
D. certain motor action patterns can be permanently associated with certain environmental
objects.
C. objects exist regardless of perception or action.
Object permanence involves understanding that items and people still exist even when you can't see or hear them -> discovered by Jean Piaget
38
38. A child receives a glass of lemonade from his mother. Then he complains that he wants
more lemonade. On this, his mother takes the glass and pours the lemonade into a higher but
smaller glass. The child is then happy. According to Piaget, this child has not yet developed
A. object permanence.
B. conservation.
C. classification.
D. visual perspective.
B. conservation.
Conservation refers to a logical thinking ability that allows a person to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size, according to the psychologist Jean Piaget
39
39. Recent research suggests that Piaget probably ...... cognitive skills of children
A. underestimated
B. accurately estimated
C. slightly overrated
D. highly overrated
A. underestimated
40
40. According to Harlow, what could a mother do best when a child is afraid?
A. Leave the child alone.
B. Give the child something to eat.
C. Talk to the child.
D. Touch and hold the child.
D. Touch and hold the child.
41
41. The part of the brain that regulates hunger, thirst, sex and temperature is
A. the thalamus.
B. the hypothalamus.
C. the cerebellum.
D. the hippocampus.
B. the hypothalamus.
42
42. When getting hungry
A. glucose is converted to glycogen.
B. glucose is converted to fat.
C. glycogen is converted to glucose.
D. glycogen is converted to fat.
C. glycogen is converted to glucose.
43
43. Which of the following systems is responsible for a decrease in heart rate?
A. The sympathetic nervous system.
B. The parasympathetic nervous system.
C. The endocrine system.
D. Certain systems in the temporal lobe of the cortex.
B. The parasympathetic nervous system.
parasympathetic nervous system is a network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger.
44
44. Dopamine is related to endorphin as __________ relates to __________.
A. Liking; Wanting
B. Wanting; Liking
C. Pain; Pleasure
D. Intrinsic reward; External reward
B. Wanting; Liking
Endorphins relieve pain as it’s being experienced.
Dopamine motivates to push through challenges and provides a reward for doing so.
45
45. One of Canon's major objections to the James-Lange theory was that
A. different emotions produce the same physical reactions, making it difficult to determine
how a person knows what he feels.
B. the role of the sympathetic nervous system was underestimated.
C. emotions vary in intensity and this could not be explained by the James-Lange theory.
D. emotions are subjective experiences, therefore a general theory will always be insufficient.
A. different emotions produce the same physical reactions, making it difficult to determine
how a person knows what he feels.
The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that physical changes in the body happen first, which then leads to the experience of emotion. Essentially, emotions stem from your interpretation of your physical sensations. For example, your heart beating wildly would lead you to realize that you are afraid.
The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that stimulating events trigger feelings and physical reactions that occur at the same time.
For example, seeing a snake might prompt both the feeling of fear (an emotional response) and a racing heartbeat (a physical reaction). Cannon-Bard suggests that both of these reactions occur simultaneously and independently. In other words, the physical reaction isn’t dependent on the emotional reaction, and vice versa
46
46. Subjects’ responses in the study of Asch in which subjects had to estimate lines suggest
that
A. we believe that physical reality is shared by all people.
B. public opinion has little influence on our personal beliefs.
C. our belief in physical reality is immune to social pressure.
D. cognitive and social processes are separate and independent.
A. we believe that physical reality is shared by all people.
the degree to which a person's own opinions are influenced by those of a group. Asch found that people were willing to ignore reality and give an incorrect answer in order to conform to the rest of the group.
47
47. A lawyer has to defend a client. In the lawyer’s opinion the client is guilty. According to
cognitive dissonance theory, under what condition will the lawyer be more inclined to believe
in the innocence of the client?
A. When the lawyer gets paid more than usual.
B. When the lawyer gets paid less than usual.
C. When the client is friendly to the lawyer.
D. When the client is in fact guilty.
B. When the lawyer gets paid less than usual.
Cognitive dissonance is the mental discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes.
When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance.
48
48. In determining the causes of the behavior of others (causal attribution), people tend to
A. overestimate the situational and disposition factors.
B. overestimate the situational factors and underestimate the dispositional factors.
C. underestimate the situational and dispositional factors.
D. underestimate the situational factors and overestimate the dispositional factors.
D. underestimate the situational factors and overestimate the dispositional factors.
Causal attribution is the process of trying to determine the causes of people's behavior. Attributions are made to personal or situational causes.
Dispositional Factors (also known as Internal Factors) are individual characteristics that influence behavior and actions in a person.
49
49. According to the familiarity hypothesis, we prefer to look at
A. pictures of ourselves and friends above mirror images of ourselves and friends.
B. mirror images of ourselves and friends above pictures of ourselves and friends.
C. pictures of ourselves and mirror images of friends.
D. mirror images of ourselves and pictures of friends
D. mirror images of ourselves and pictures of friends
50
50. Walter Mischel has strongly criticized the trait approach on the basis of evidence that
shows that
A. different observers describe a single individual in terms of different characteristics (traits).
B. personality is based on one core feature, rather than on a system of different characteristics.
C. people behave less consistently across different situations than predicted by the trait theory.
D. All of the above.
C. people behave less consistently across different situations than predicted by the trait theory.
51
51. A method used in psychoanalysis in which patients say everything that comes to mind is
called:
A. Symbolism.
B. Free association.
C. Reaction formation.
D. Congratulations.
B. Free association.
52
52. According to Sigmund Freud, what is NOT a stage of psychosocial development?
A. The oral stage
B. The anal stage
C. The pedophile stage
D. The phallic stage
C. The pedophile stage
53
53. "People need more than food and sex. .... Some actions are intrinsically satisfying because
they create joy. " The person who makes these statements is probably a
A. behaviorist.
B. humanist.
C. psychoanalyst.
D. neo-freudian.
B. humanist.
54
54. How do behaviorists explain that certain behaviors continue to exist even when there is no
ongoing reinforcement?
A. Because these behaviors were previously rewarded.
B. People have an intrinsic need for attention and therefore continue to show certain
behaviors.
C. The behaviors are embedded in the personality and therefore remain as such.
D. Radical behaviorists do not try to explain this kind of thing
A. Because these behaviors were previously rewarded.
55
55. According to the behaviorist explanation of phobias, the dreaded object functions as a(n)
A. Conditioned stimulus.
B. Unconditioned stimulus.
C. Conditioned response.
D. Unconditioned response.
A. Conditioned stimulus.
56
56. The Dopamine hypothesis is based on the idea that schizophrenia is the result of
A. the production of an abnormal substance in the brain, namely dopamine.
B. the overactivity of neurons sensitive to dopamine.
C. the inability to produce enough dopamine.
D. the inhibition of brain activity caused by dopamine.
B. the overactivity of neurons sensitive to dopamine.
57
57. According to Beck's cognitive theory of depression
A. depression is caused by negative thoughts.
B. depression causes negative thoughts.
C. depression is caused by an hopeless situation.
D. depression causes a hopeless situation.
A. depression is caused by negative thoughts.
According to Dr. Aaron Beck, negative thoughts, generated by dysfunctional beliefs are typically the primary cause of depressive symptoms
58
58. ... are incorrect interpretations of reality while ... are experiences that are not based on
reality.
A. Distorted cognitions; Hallucinations
B. Hallucinations; Disturbed cognitions
C. Delusions; Hallucinations
D. Distorted cognitions; Delusions
C. Delusions; Hallucinations
59
59. In evaluating the efficacy of a drug, consideration should be given to the possible effects
of
A. spontaneous recovery.
B. placebo.
C. the expectations of the researchers.
D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
60
60. Which of the following is the least interesting for a behavior therapist?
A. Personal history
B. Current conditions
C. Unconscious thoughts
D. Behavior
C. Unconscious thoughts
behaviorism -> psychological approach that emphasizes environmental influences on observable behaviors.
61
61. Cognitive therapy helps the patient
A. remembering traumatic early childhood experiences.
B. solving conflicts between the different parts of his personality.
C. accepting and appreciating oneself.
D. identifying and changing maladaptive patterns of thought.
D. identifying and changing maladaptive patterns of thought.
Cognitive therapy -> treatment usually involves efforts to change thinking patterns. These strategies might include: Learning to recognize one's distortions in thinking that are creating problems, and then to reevaluate them in light of reality.
62
62. Systematic desensitization is the most useful treatment for
A. mania.
B. general anxiety disorder.
C. depression.
D. phobia.
D. phobia.
63
Professor Smith is doing research on fish. He refuses to learn his students’ names because he believes that the names take up space in his long-term memory, which could be better used for fish information. He is incorrect because:
the students’ names would have been stored in short-term memory.
different types of information, such as facts about fish and names of people, are stored in different parts of memory.
long-term memory can hold essentially unlimited amounts of information.
the students’ names that are preserved in long-term memory could be replaced later with different information.
long-term memory can hold essentially unlimited amounts of information.
64
Mrs. Gutierrez asked her preschool class to name a bird. Tillie called out “Robin!” Suddenly, several children said “Blue jay!,” “Eagle!,” and “Sparrow!” According to spreading activation models of memory, the children retrieved many bird names from long-term store because the bird names were ______.
encountered very recently and still in short-term store
processed through sensory, short-term, and long-term stores
semantic memories, which are stored in a network of association
encoded very richly using elaborative rehearsal
semantic memories, which are stored in a network of association
semantic memories -> a type of long-term memory involving the capacity to recall words, concepts, or numbers, which is essential for the use and understanding of language.
65
A children’s flipbook consists of a series of pictures of Mickey Mouse with his feet in slightly different positions. If you look at the pages one at a time, slowly, all you see are the individual pictures of Mickey. However, if you flip the pages quickly, you see Mickey running. This illusion is due to storage of the successive pictures in:
working memory.
echoic memory.
short-term memory.
sensory memory.
sensory memory.
Sensory memory is a very brief memory that allows people to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased. It is often thought of as the first stage of memory that involves registering a tremendous amount of information about the environment, but only for a very brief period
66
Federico’s son is 2 years old and is trying to learn how to tie his shoelaces. Federico knows how to tie the laces, but is having a hard time explaining the steps to his son. Federico is struggling with describing his _____ memory of how to tie shoes.
semantic
prospective
episodic
procedural
procedural
Procedural memory is the process of retrieving information necessary to perform learned skills. These skills may be movement based, such as tying a shoe or riding a bicycle, or they may be perceptual in nature, such as learning to read mirror-reversed text
67
He feels as though he is constantly “awakening for the first time” and can’t remember new information. These symptoms can be explained by his dense _____, caused by damage to his _____.
proactive interference; hippocampus
retrograde amnesia; cerebral cortex
anterograde amnesia; hippocampus
retroactive interference; cerebral cortex
anterograde amnesia; hippocampus
Anterograde amnesia is a type of memory loss that occurs when you can't form new memories.
68
Georgia must memorize a speech to give in class. Georgia knows that she should practice giving the speech in the same room where she will ultimately deliver it because this will help her remember the material. Georgia is going to use ______ to help her remember the speech.
persistence .
state-dependent memory or state reinstatement .
mnemonics .
context-dependent memory or context reinstatement.
context-dependent memory or context reinstatement.
69
In the fall, Professor Cole remembered the names of his 44 students. Now, in the spring, he has learned the names of his 42 new students. When Professor Cole ran into one of the students from the fall class, he could not remember the student's name. He could only think of the names of students in his spring class. This is most likely due to ______.
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
proactive interference
retroactive interference
Retroactive interference (retro=backward) occurs when you forget a previously learnt task due to the learning of a new task.
70
Short-term memory:
has a limited capacity.
lasts a lifetime .
has an unlimited capacity .
retains information for up to an hour.
has a limited capacity.
71
Even though Manuel has watched his psychology professor lecture three times a week for 10 weeks, he does not know what color her hair is. This lack of knowledge most likely represents a failure of:
retrieval.
encoding.
rehearsal.
sensation.
encoding.
72
Changes in the strength of neural connections and construction of new synapses is the process of:
rehearsal.
consolidation.
retrieval.
encoding.
consolidation.
73
After seeing the movie Shark Attack 3D, Joaquin refused a friend’s invitation to go swimming at the beach. If Joaquin refuses because he is remembering the bloody shark attacks in the movie, then his decision is best explained by
the representativeness heuristic.
an effect of framing.
the availability heuristic.
an algorithm.
the availability heuristic.
The availability heuristic (or availability bias) is a type of cognitive bias that helps us make fast, but sometimes incorrect, assessments. It involves relying on information that comes to mind quickly or is most available to us.
74
Steve is 21. He has ambitious plans for his future and is eager to start his career. He likes being around other people, enjoys parties, and usually likes to be in charge of a conversation. He is very competitive, plays on a sports team, and enjoys “playing to win.” Which is most likely?
Steve is a Green Acres student working on an associate’s degree in business.
Steve is a Green Acres student and is on the soccer team.
Steve is a student at Green Acres College.
Steve is a Green Acres student working on an associate’s degree in business and is also on the soccer team.
Steve is a student at Green Acres College.
75
A picture of a carrot is an example of a(n) ________ representation; the word carrot is a(n) ________ representation.
symbolic; analogical.
symbolic; symbolic.
analogical; analogical.
analogical; symbolic.
analogical; symbolic
76
The main difference between the exemplar model and the prototype model is that the prototype model is defined by ________ of the category and the exemplar model is defined by ________ of the category.
the most common example; the best set of examples
the best set of examples; the most common example
all the examples; the best example
the best example; all the examples
the best example; all the examples
77
________ models describe how people are irrational decision makers, whereas ________ models state that people are rational decision makers.
Descriptive; normative.
Normative; descriptive.
Algorithm; heuristic.
Heuristic; algorithm.
Descriptive; normative
Descriptive models of decision making instead focus on the procedures through which people do seem to make decisions. This is relevant as it can assist society in determining where or how people make poor choices, and how they can enhance these choices.
Normative decision-making is a model of decision-making methods. It is based on the assumption that there is a best way to make decisions, and that this best way can be determined by looking at the goals of the decision-maker and the possible outcomes of the decision.
78
Itzhak is trying to decide whether to take art history from Professor Nguyen or from Professor Molyneaux. When he looks into the professors’ past grading distributions, he discovers that both have given 50 percent As and Bs. However, this information is further broken down: “Professor Nguyen gives 20 percent As, and Professor Molyneaux gives 30 percent Bs.” If ________ influences Itzhak’s reasoning, Itzhak will take the class from Professor ________.
affective forecasting; Nguyen
the framing effect; Nguyen
the framing effect; Molyneaux
affective forecasting; Molyneaux
the framing effect; Nguyen
The framing effect is a type of cognitive bias or error in thinking. “Framing” refers to whether an option is presented as a loss (negative) or a gain (positive). People are generally biased toward picking an option they view as a gain over one they view as a loss, even if both options lead to the same result.
79
People think that it is more common that other people die from a car accident than from brain hemorrhage. However, it is the other way around. Which bias in their thinking causes this false belief?
the confirmation bias.
the representativeness heuristic.
a framing bias.
the availability heuristic.
the availability heuristic
The availability heuristic works by prioritizing infrequent events based on recency and vividness. For example, plane crashes can make people afraid of flying. However, the likelihood of dying in a car accident is far higher than dying as a passenger on an airplane.
80
What is the paradox of choice?
Not having any choices is what makes us happiest.
Having unlimited choices makes us happiest.
Having a lot of choices makes us happy.
Having some choice is better than none, but too many choices can make us unhappy.
Having some choice is better than none, but too many choices can make us unhappy.
81
The sentences Jill was kissed by Jack and Jack kissed Jill have the same:
morphemes.
phonemes.
surface structure.
deep structure.
deep structure.
82
The disorder that results in difficulties with being able to produce speech is called:
Broca’s aphasia.
Wernicke’s aphasia.
global aphasia.
Korsakoff’s syndrome.
Broca’s aphasia
Broca aphasia is a non-fluent aphasia in which the output of spontaneous speech is markedly diminished and there is a loss of normal grammatical structure.
83
Who was the first to develop a method of assessing intelligence?
Galton
Cattell
Gardner
Binet
Binet
84
Alfred Binet developed a test to measure intelligence, which is suitable for
young adults.
adults.
children.
people of all ages.
children.
85
The idea that one intelligence factor is involved in all intellectual tasks is known as:
single intelligence.
crystallized intelligence.
general intelligence.
fluid intelligence.
general intelligence.
86
Suppose the correlation between two subtests of intelligence is 0. This implies that the test scores
are derived from 1 underlying factor.
are derived from different underlying factors.
do not measure intelligence.
are invalid.
are derived from different underlying factors.
87
____ intelligence decreases with age and ____ increases with age. This suggests that both are ____.
Group of answer choices
Crystallized; fluid; unrelated
Crystallized; fluid; related
Fluid; crystallized; unrelated
Fluid; crystallized; related
Fluid; crystallized; unrelated
88
Choice reaction time is ____ correlated with IQ and Working Memory capacity is ____ correlated with IQ.
Group of answer choices
negatively; negatively
positively; negatively
positively; positively
negatively; positively
negatively; positively
89
The variability in IQ among children growing up under very poor conditions is probably ____ the variability in IQ among children growing up under good conditions.
Group of answer choices
larger than
smaller than
equal to
It is not possible to say anything about this,
smaller than
90
What is the strength and direction of the correlation between years in school and IQ?
weak negative correlation
no correlation
strong negative correlation
strong positive correlation
strong positive correlation
91
The Flynn effect suggests that what factor has NOT been involved in the increase in IQ scores over the last century?
genetics
technology
nutrition
education
genetics
The Flynn Effect refers to the substantial and consistent rise in average IQ scores observed over the past century in numerous countries.
This increase is attributed to environmental factors like improved nutrition, education, and reduced exposure to toxins
92
Identical twins raised apart have ____ similar IQs than identical twins raised together, and have ____ similar IQs than fraternal twins raised apart.
more; less
less; less
less; more
more; more
less; more
93
You want to buy a mobile for your newborn nephew, Jasper, who is one week old. You want him to be able to see the objects on the mobile when it hangs over his crib a few feet from him. To achieve this, you should most likely buy Jasper a mobile with ______.
many moving parts that spin in circles
small animals in light yellow and green colors
large black-and-white drawings of faces
large striped patterns in bold red and blue colors
large black-and-white drawings of faces
Babies are unable to see colour as newborns. A baby will see the world in black and white for at least the first 3 months of their lives. It's because of this, that black and white or high contrast patterns and shapes are
recommended for newborn babies.
Bold black-and-white images stimulate the development of the optic nerves and encourage young babies cognitive development without over-stimulating them.
94
Ian is 12 months old and is crying for attention. His mom is busy cooking dinner and can’t pay much attention to him. When she finishes cooking, she picks Ian up and offers him his favorite toy. Ian hugs his mother but keeps crying and pushes the toy away. This suggests that Ian has formed a(n) ______ attachment with his mom.
secure
difficult
ambivalent
avoidant
ambivalent
95
Jenny is 8 months old. She used to drink from a baby bottle that has a nipple, but now she must learn to drink from a toddler sippy cup that has a spout. According to Piaget, for Jenny to learn this her drinking behavior ______ must go through the process of ______.
schema; assimilation
schema; accommodation
reflex; accommodation
reflex; assimilation
schema; accommodation
96
For Bill’s new job with a toy company, he makes a board game called “Planet Wars.” The goal is to conquer as many planets as possible by forming strategies for attack and defense and logically anticipating other players’ moves. This game is most likely appropriate for children in the ______ stage of cognitive development.
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational
sensorimotor
formal operational
formal operational stage, stage of human cognitive development, typically beginning around age 11 or 12, characterized by the emergence of logical thinking processes, particularly the ability to understand theories and abstract ideas and predict possible outcomes of hypothetical problems.
97
All of the following statements are true of teratogens, EXCEPT:
teratogens include any chemical in the environment that negatively affects a developing embryo or fetus.
teratogens are a group of recessive genes that affect the child while still in the womb.
teratogens include alcohol, prescription drugs, and environmental chemicals.
teratogens are often avoidable.
teratogens are a group of recessive genes that affect the child while still in the womb.
A teratogen is something that can cause birth defects or abnormalities in a developing embryo or fetus upon exposure. Teratogens include some medications, recreational drugs, tobacco products, chemicals, alcohol, certain infections, and in some cases, health problems such as uncontrolled diabetes in pregnant people. Exposure to a teratogen can occur through ingestion or environmental exposure during pregnancy.
98
All of the following statements are true about brain development EXCEPT:
as an adult, your brain has fewer synapses than it had when you were 2 years old.
the number of brain synapses increases rapidly during the two years following birth.
the brain of a full-term newborn is fully developed.
humans are less mature at birth than are most other animals.
the brain of a full-term newborn is fully developed.
99
Harlow did an experiment with infant rhesus monkeys, requiring them to make a choice between an artificial mother that provided contact comfort or one that provided food. The results demonstrate that for this species:
contact comfort is more important than food, particularly during stress.
infants were distressed because the “mother” providing contact comfort did not also supply food.
food is the most important reinforcement.
food is used as a method for tension reduction in the young.
contact comfort is more important than food, particularly during stress.
100
A securely attached infant differs from one who is insecurely attached in terms of:
what they do when the attachment figure returns after an absence.
All options are correct.
how they respond to strangers.
what they do when the attachment figure leaves.
All options are correct.
101
ou present an infant with two pictures—one of a boat and another of a tree. You time how long she looks at each of them. Over a 5-minute period, the infant looks at each of the pictures for the same amount of time. You can probably conclude that:
the stimuli are similarly interesting to the infant.
the infant is more interested in the boat picture.
the stimuli are of no interest to the infant.
the infant has never seen the stimuli.
the stimuli are similarly interesting to the infant.
102
Kyle rear-ended someone else's car in the parking lot and left a dent. No one saw him do it. If he didn't leave a note, the car's owner would never know that it was his fault. “Hmm, I’m legally required to leave a note so I had still better do it.” Kohlberg would most likely classify as Kyle as being at the ______ level of moral reasoning.
preconventional
unconventional
postconventional
conventional
conventional
103
My stomach feels as if I swallowed a large, jagged rock, thought Jeff. This interview must be making me feel very nervous. Jeff’s emotions are best explained by the _______ theory of emotion.
Cannon-Bard
Schachter-Singer
James-Lange
drive reduction
Schachter-Singer
The Schachter-Singer theory explains that emotion is formed from physiological arousal and a cognitive label. This theory also explains that a person's emotional response is formed from an interpretation of their immediate environment.
104
Which of the following is an example of transferred excitation?
You study the same way for your psychology exam as you did for your history exam.
After learning how to play the trumpet, you find it difficult to learn how to play the trombone.
After jogging three miles, you become very angry at your roommate for doing something that would normally irritate you just a little.
You laugh very hard at a funny scene in a movie that reminds you of something that happened in your own life.
After jogging three miles, you become very angry at your roommate for doing something that would normally irritate you just a little.
Excitation-transfer theory purports that residual excitation from one stimulus will amplify the excitatory response to another stimulus, though the hedonic valences of the stimuli may differ.
105
Brand Z of bottled water puts sodium chloride (salt) in the water, which makes people thirsty. Based on this fact alone, which theory of motivation best explains why people might drink more bottles of Brand Z water than another brand of bottled water without salt?
optimal arousal
incentives
the pleasure principle
drive reduction
drive reduction
the drive reduction theory, posits that our actions are fueled by the need to alleviate internal tension or arousal levels.
This tension, according to the theory, is generated by our physiological needs. When these needs are unmet, they create a state of discomfort, prompting us to engage in motivated behaviors that can satisfy these needs and restore equilibrium.
106
Different emotions result in different patterns of brain activity, especially in the
Hypothalamus.
Amygdala.
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus.
Fusiform Face Area.
Amygdala.
107
Eight-year-old Simon loves stickers. When he successfully completes his homework he gets to choose two stickers from a jar. If Simon gets his homework done well in order to get the stickers, then he was motivated by
optimal arousal.
incentives.
the pleasure principle.
satisfaction of needs.
incentives.
108
A doctor says that Ronald is overweight because of a problem with the biological mechanism that regulates fat over the long term. The doctor is saying that Ronald’s _______ is not functioning correctly.
leptin
glucose
stomach
ghrelin
leptin
Leptin is a hormone your adipose tissue (body fat) releases that helps your body maintain your normal weight on a long-term basis.
109
After chewing on a power cord, Biscotti the cat gets a nasty shock. Now Biscotti is always hungry, eating huge quantities of food many times a day. The shock has probably damaged the part of Biscotti’s brain that influences eating, which is the
gustatory cortex.
limbic system.
frontal lobe.
hypothalamus.
hypothalamus.
110
Toby is generally somewhat sad and pessimistic. Today, however, his candidate for president has won the election, and Toby is feeling incredibly optimistic and exuberant. Toby’s usual sadness and pessimism is a(n) ________; his current optimism and exuberance is a(n) ________.
mood; mood
emotion; emotion
mood; emotion
emotion; mood
mood; emotion
111
Cross-cultural research on emotions conveyed by facial expressions shows that:
all facial expressions are not universal, suggesting a biological basis.
some facial expressions are universal, suggesting a biological basis.
all facial expressions are universal, suggesting a cultural basis.
some facial expressions are universal, suggesting a cultural basis.
some facial expressions are universal, suggesting a biological basis.
112
According to the circumplex map, different emotions, vary across two dimensions:
valence and activation.
arousal and motivation.
positivity and negativity.
valence and mood.
valence and activation
113
It is talent show time in the dorm. Rachel is nervous about singing. She sounds good when she practices alone in her dorm room but when she gets up to perform in front of the whole dorm she does an amazing job. Rachel’s performance is best explained by
social loafing.
deindividuation.
groupthink.
social facilitation.
social facilitation.
Social facilitation is a social phenomenon in which being in the presence of others improves individual task performance. T
114
Atencio is 16 years old and has four very close friends, all of whom smoke. Atencio has never had any particular desire to smoke cigarettes, and his friends have never asked or told him to smoke. Nevertheless, he feels compelled to start smoking, which is most likely due to the influence of
deindividuation.
conformity.
obedience.
compliance.
conformity.
115
Victor has not started working on his psychology paper, and it is due in 2 days. He calls his friend Christy and asks if she will write his paper for him. "No way!" she responds. Four hours later, Victor calls her back and asks if he can look at her paper to just get some ideas. This time, she says, "I guess so." Victor has just gotten Vicky to comply with his request by using the _______ strategy.
lowballing
altruism
door-in-the-face
foot-in-the-door
door-in-the-face
116
Luisa asked for volunteers to sign a petition for a community center that needed more government funding. The following week, she asked those who had signed the petition to come to the center once a month and tutor a child. Luisa is trying to gain compliance by using the _______ strategy.
foot-in-the-door
door-in-the-face
lowballing
social facilitation
foot-in-the-door
117
You ask your doctor to examine your sore throat. Surprisingly, she demands that you remove your Chicago Bulls hat and coat. If you take off your hat and coat as she asked, then you have displayed
obedience.
groupthink.
conformity.
compliance.
obedience
118
Odetta and Jack are creating a TV commercial for “Fiber Flakes,” a new brand of cereal. Jack's idea is to have a famous actor say how much he loves Fiber Flakes in a commercial. Odetta thinks the commercial should emphasize the cereal’s nutritional value. Jack’s approach to the commercial relies on the _______ route of persuasion, whereas Odetta’s approach relies on the _______ route of persuasion.
simple; complex
central; peripheral
complex; simple
peripheral; central
peripheral; central
Peripheral route to persuasion occurs when a person is persuaded by something other than the message's content.
Central route to persuasion occurs when a person is persuaded by the content of the message.
119
Robert was frustrated because the driver in front of him was driving very slowly. “This guy is a terrible driver! He shouldn't be allowed to drive at all," thought Robert. In actuality, the person was driving slowly because he was transporting a cage with four hamsters in the back seat. Robert’s explanation for the driver’s behavior reveals
the fundamental attribution error.
a self-fulfilling prophecy.
a situational attribution.
the actor/observer bias.
the fundamental attribution error.
The fundamental attribution error is the tendency people have to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors in judging others' behavior. Because of the fundamental attribution error, we tend to believe that others do bad things because they are bad people
120
Norwood blames his poor performance in a recent marathon race on his poorly fitted shoes. However, he believes that other runners who did poorly just did not practice enough. Norwood's reasoning illustrates
discrimination.
the fundamental attribution error.
the actor/observer bias.
prejudice.
the actor/observer bias.
the actor/observer bias -> when people judge their own behavior, they are more likely to attribute their actions to the particular situation than to their personality. However, when an observer is explaining the behavior of another person, they are more likely to attribute this behavior to the actors' personality rather than to situational factors.
121
Asch (1956) presented 10 people with a discrimination task in which they had to indicate which of three lines equaled another line. The results showed that the genuine test participant
gave the same answer as the fake participants when the discrimination task was easy.
gave the same answer as the fake participants when the discrimination task was difficult.
always gave the same answer as the fake participants.
never gave the same answer as the fake participants
gave the same answer as the fake participants when the discrimination task was difficult.
Asch identified task difficulty as a variable that affects conformity. He found that when he made the line judgement task more difficult, conformity levels increased, as the participant was more likely to believe that the confederates were right
122
When are you likely to see the LEAST amount of prosocial helping?
when there are 5 bystanders
when there are 2 bystanders
when there are 10 bystanders
when there is 1 bystander
when there are 10 bystanders
123
Little Lauren goes to a little swimming pool. There are some other children the same age in the pool playing cheerfully. But Lauren stays apart from the other children, preferring to play by herself. This situation reveals the aspect of Lauren’s temperament that is called
activity level.
psychoticism.
emotionality.
sociability.
sociability
124
Nolan, Curt, and Frank go into their favorite bar but the bartender, Bill, is nowhere to be seen. Nolan says, "I'm thirsty, and I want a drink right now!" Curt looks around and adds, "I think it’ll be okay if we serve ourselves and pay when Bill comes back." "Stop right there!" commands Frank, “it is against the rules to take the beer!" Whose statement is most consistent with Freud's notion of the superego?
Nolan's
Curt's
Bill’s
Frank’s
Frank’s
The superego persuades the ego to choose moral behavior and strive for perfection by offering punishments and rewards.
125
Heidi’s son, Aiden, just stuffed a toy down the toilet and flooded the bathroom. Aiden is crying because he does not want to get in trouble. Heidi tells him that she loves him no matter what he does, but that he cannot put toys down the toilet. According to the person-centered approach, Heidi is helping Aiden’s personality develop freely by creating
conditions of worth.
unconditional positive regard.
an external locus of control.
a reaction formation.
unconditional positive regard.
126
According to Rotter’s expectancy theory, Peter is classified as having an internal locus of control. When Peter receives a failing grade on a paper, he would most likely say,
“I should have put more effort into the assignment.”
“Nothing went right on the day I wrote that paper.”
“That instructor just does not like me.”
“The assignment was impossible for anyone to do well on!”
“I should have put more effort into the assignment.”
People who have internal locus of control believe that the outcomes of their actions are results of their own abilities
127
Ana takes an online personality test. The results say that she scores high on the extraversion dimension of personality and low on the conscientiousness dimension of personality. Ana most likely took a personality test that was based on
Rotter’s expectancy theory.
the five-factor theory.
Eysenck’s biological trait theory.
Bandura’s reciprocal determinism.
the five-factor theory.
The five-factor model of personality is a hierarchical organization of personality traits in terms of five basic dimensions: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience.
128
Which of the following is not a major approach to personality?
the humanistic approach
the cognitive-behavioral approach
the trait approach
the attribution theory
the attribution theory
Attribution theory is concerned with how individuals interpret events and how this relates to their thinking and behavior
129
Jamie is developing a new test to assess individuals’ personalities. She asks people to draw a picture of their families, and then she interprets the drawing based on her opinion of what they reflect about the individual’s personality. Jamie’s test is a(n) _______ of personality.
Rorschach test
Thematic Apperception Test
objective measure
projective measure
projective measure
130
Genetics accounts for about ________ of the difference in individuals’ personality traits.
70–80 percent
20–40 percent
5–10 percent
40–60 percent
40–60 percent
131
Factor analysis is useful to psychologists because it allows them to:
group traits together based on their similarities.
separate real traits from imaginary traits.
predict behavior on the basis of traits.
identify the causal factor behind each trait.
group traits together based on their similarities.
132
Walter Mischel proposed that behavior is strongly affected by:
unconscious motives.
genes.
beliefs and convictions.
the situation.
the situation.
133
Jeanine’s mother has schizophrenia, a psychological disorder with a genetic component. This means that Jeanine is predisposed to also have schizophrenia. However, she is likely to show symptoms of the disorder only if she has stressful life experiences. In this situation, if Jeanine shows symptoms of schizophrenia it is best explained by
the dimensional approach.
the biopsychosocial approach.
the diathesis-stress model.
comorbidity.
the diathesis-stress model.
The diathesis-stress model, also known as the vulnerability–stress model, is a psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder, or its trajectory, as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability, the diathesis, and stress caused by life experiences.
134
Hugh experiences periods of intense anxiousness, where his heart starts to race and he begins to sweat. He can never tell when, where, or why this happens, and so worries that it will happen again. Based on these symptoms, Hugh is most likely to be diagnosed with
generalized anxiety disorder.
a specific phobia.
agoraphobia.
a panic disorder.
a panic disorder.
135
To help create accurate diagnoses, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual:
groups disorders by the theorist who discovered them.
classifies each disorder as either “neurotic” or “psychotic.”
describes disorders in terms of observable symptoms.
groups disorders first by culture, then by severity.
describes disorders in terms of observable symptoms.
136
Dr. Jahoda sees his patients’ problems as a result of distorted beliefs based on prior learning experiences. Dr. Jahoda is most clearly a:
humanist.
behaviorist.
neo-Freudian.
cognitive-behavioralist.
cognitive-behavioralist.
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a type of talking therapy. It is a common treatment for a range of mental health problems. CBT teaches you coping skills for dealing with different problems. It focuses on how your thoughts, beliefs and attitudes affect your feelings and actions.
137
Sam is an adult who is extremely fearful in social situations. If it were possible to do a brain scan while Sam was being introduced to strangers, Sam’s brain would show heightened activation in the:
reticular formation.
hippocampus.
cerebellum.
amygdala.
amygdala.
138
People suffering obsessive-compulsive disorder are:
more likely to be male than female.
more likely to engage in violent behavior against others.
typically aware that their obsessions and compulsions are irrational.
typically diagnosed with the disorder in early childhood.
typically aware that their obsessions and compulsions are irrational.
139
For several weeks, Todd has been feeling very sad. He thinks nobody likes him and that he is worthless. Todd’s family thinks he has a major depressive disorder. If this is true, what symptom would he probably NOT have?
changes in his sleep patterns
extreme irritability
manic episodes
loss of interest in activities he likes
manic episodes
140
Catherine experiences major depression. But she also has pleasurable periods where she has more energy, is very productive, and feels extremely creative. Based on these symptoms, Catherine most likely is experiencing _______ disorder.
major depressive
persistent depressive
bipolar II
bipolar I
bipolar II
Bipolar II is similar to bipolar I disorder, with moods cycling between high and low over time. However, in bipolar II disorder, the "up" moods never reach full-blown mania. The less-intense elevated moods in bipolar II disorder are called hypomanic episodes, or hypomania
Bipolar I disorder is defined by manic episodes that last for at least 7 days (nearly every day for most of the day) or by manic symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate medical care. Usually, depressive episodes occur as well, typically lasting at least 2 weeks.
141
Anxiety disorders are ____ common among women than men, and are associated with ____ activity in the Amygdala.
less; lower
less; higher
more; lower
more; higher
more; higher
142
Dave is a graduate student working on a degree in clinical psychology. For his clinical internship he works with patients with schizophrenia at a psychiatric hospital. Dave sees one patient who is standing without moving. Three hours later the man is still standing in the same location. Dave knows that the patient is showing
referential delusions.
a negative symptom.
a positive symptom.
disorganized behavior.
a negative symptom.
