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A&P > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

which is not a general type of tissue

A

skeletal

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2
Q

in order to be healthy all extracellular variables in the body must be stable in all situations. T/F

A

false

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3
Q

reflexes can be feedforward T/F

A

true

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4
Q

feedforward regulation is usually beneficial to the organism T/F

A

true

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5
Q

parturition (giving birth) is an example of

A

positive feedback

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6
Q

which organ system has the smallest role in homeostasis

A

reproductive system

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7
Q

what is most common in the body

A

negative feedback

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8
Q

cholesterol in the plasma membrane at body temperature tends to

A

decrease membrane fluidity

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9
Q

a single protein can bind to many ligands T/F

A

true

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10
Q

ligand-protein interactions can be covalent T/F

A

false

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11
Q

the charge inside of a resting cell is _____ compared to the outside of the cell

A

negative

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12
Q

what causes a bigger conformational change in a protein

A

covalent modulation

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13
Q

at absolute zero there would be no diffusion T/F

A

true

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14
Q

a primary function of organ systems is to increase the rate of diffusion T/F

A

false

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15
Q

the net flux of a permeable solute across a membrane is constant until diffusion equilibrium is reached T/F

A

false

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16
Q

at diffusion equilibrium all diffusion stops T/F

A

false

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17
Q

water moves from areas of

A

low osmolarity to high osmolarity

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18
Q

the higher the osmotic pressure, the

A

higher the solute concentration

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19
Q

there are no active transport mechanisms for water T/F

A

true

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20
Q

if a cell crenates it is in

A

a hypertonic solution

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21
Q

the sodium potassium pump is in _____ membrane of epithelial cells

A

the basolateral

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22
Q

there is a maximum rate of flux of solutes using a transporter T/F

A

true

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23
Q

if the volume of the cell does not change, the cell is in

A

an isotonic solution

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24
Q

other than sodium and potassium, what two other ions are primarily regulated by pumps

A

calcium, hydrogen

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25
Q

substances are usually actively transported across both the apical and basolateral membrane across an epithelial layer T/F

A

false

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26
Q

if a cell swells, it is in

A

a hypotonic solution

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27
Q

what ion is most commonly used in secondary active transport to move another chemical against its concentration gradient

A

sodium

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28
Q

list the levels of organization in the body from simplest to most complex

A

cell-smallest unit of life
tissues-collection of the same type of cells & extracellular matrix
organ-collection of different tissues that function together for a common purpose
organ system-collection of organs that work together for a common purpose
organism-self-contained unit of life

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29
Q

what happens in the process of cellular differentiation that causes cells with the same DNA to be different from each other

A

they express different genes

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30
Q

what are the four general types of tissues

A

epithelium
muscle
nervous
connective

31
Q

what are the components of the extracellular fluid

A

water
protein ( fibers, glycoproteins)
ions
nutrients

32
Q

list the organ systems of the body in the way they are divided in the book

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, respiratory , digestive, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive

33
Q

why do larger organisms need organ systems?

A

larger organisms can’t rely on diffusion alone to remove waste to/from all the cells in the body because diffusion is only effective over very short distances. organ systems developed to transport nutrients, gases, and waste to/from all cells much faster than diffusion. organ systems also developed to maintain a constant extracellular environment (homeostasis)

34
Q

list the four types of control systems used in the body to maintain homeostasis and give example of each

A

negative feedback-shivering
positive feedback-blood clotting, contractions
feedforward-insulin levels
resetting the set point-fever

35
Q

describe how positive feedback can be used to maintain homeostasis

A

positive feedback will bring one variable out of balance, this can be used to bring a different variable into balance

36
Q

what are the main effectors for a reflex

A

skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
exocrine glands
endocrine glands

37
Q

which membrane junction contains which proteins
desmosome
hemidesmosome
gap junctions

A

desmosome- cadherins
hemidesmosomes- fibronectin, integrins
gap junctions- connexions

38
Q

chemical specificity

A

only a very limited number of ligand types can bind to a binding site

39
Q

saturation

A

as the concentration of a ligand increases the percentage of the binding sites occupied increase until all binding sites are occupied

40
Q

affinity

A

the ligand can bind to the binding sites even when the ligand concentration is extremely low

41
Q

competition

A

if more than one ligand can bind to a binding site, the percentage of binding sites occupied by each ligand will depend on the relative concentration of each ligand and the binding site’s relative affinity for each ligand

42
Q

change in the conformation of one subunit of a protein can change the conformation of other subunits of the protein. this is called _____

A

cooperativity

43
Q

what is the equation of net flux?

A

J=PA(Co-Ci)
J=flux of solute
P=permeability of membrane
A=surface area of membrane
Co=conc. of solute outside of cell
Ci=conc. of solute inside the cell

44
Q

what is the general primary DIRECT use of ATP in cells

A

phosphorylates proteins

45
Q

how do small. polar chemical species, like ions or water get across the plasma membrane

A

channel

46
Q

how do non-polar molecules, like steroid hormones, get across the plasma membrane

A

simple diffusion

47
Q

list the factors that determine net flux

A

temperature- doesn’t change much
solvent- doesn’t change much
size of molecule
surface area
concentration gradient
nature of the membrane (permeability)

48
Q

what are three ways of gating an ion channel

A

ligand-gated ion channels
voltage-gated ion channels
mechanically-gated ion channels

49
Q

what four factors determine the rate of transport of solutes using a facilitated diffusion transporter

A

solute concentration
rate of conformational change
number of transporters in the membrane
% saturation of transporters

50
Q

what is the normal osmolarity of the body

A

285-295 mOsm

51
Q

what is the word for moving substances out of the cell by fusing a vesicle containing the substance with the plasma membrane

A

exocytosis

52
Q

what are 3 types of endocytosis discussed in the lecture videos

A

pinocytosis
phagocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis

53
Q

which type of endocytosis is most specific

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

54
Q

what does it mean to say that epithelial cells are polar

A

the different proteins on the apical membrane compared to the basolateral membrane

55
Q

Homeostasis is concerned with maintaining a constant

A

extracellular envrionment

56
Q

what requires extra energy

A

steady-state

57
Q

The process by which cells change the expression of genes in order to become more specialized is called __________ __________.

A

cellular differentiation

58
Q

The smallest structure in an organ that performs the primary function of that organ and repeats many times throughout the organ is called a __________ __________.

A

functional unit

59
Q

The higher the KD for a protein-ligand interaction the

A

lower the protein’s affinity for the ligand

60
Q

What kind of proteins holds cells close together/attaches cells to each other?

A

cadherins

61
Q

According to the _________________ model, proteins move freely along the membrane plane and are not anchored in one spot.

A

fluid-mosaic

62
Q

What is the name for all of the sugar moeities attached to the extracellular side of membrane proteins that plays an important role in cell recognition?

A

glycocalyx

63
Q

Which two types of intercellular communication require direct cell-to-cell contact?

A

gap junctions
juxtracrine communication

64
Q

A protein may have covalent modulation or allosteric modulation, but not both. T/F

A

false

65
Q

all enzymes are proteins T/F

A

true

66
Q

If a reaction is reversible, and the concentration of a substrate/reactant decreases, then the rate of the _________________ reaction will increase.

A

reverse

67
Q

If a solute takes 1 second to reach diffusion equilibrium over 10 micrometers, how long would it take to reach diffusion equilibrium over 10 centimeters?

A

1-9 years

68
Q

In the body, what is the solvent that the solutes are dissolved in? (related to diffusion)

A

water

69
Q

Which is faster?
-transport of chemical species via a membrane transporter
-movement of chemical species through channel

A

movement of chemical species through channels

70
Q

Transport of chemical species from _____________________________ requires the use of ATP directly or indirectly.

A

low concentration to high concentration

71
Q

The sodium-potassium pump

A

pumps potassium into the cell and sodium out of the cell

72
Q

If solute concentration is high, water concentration is

A

low

73
Q

What is the name of the channel that allows water to move across the plasma membrane.

A

aquaporin

A&P (5 decks)

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