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exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

during muscle fatigue, there is a substantial decreases in ATP in the cell T/F

A

false

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2
Q

in a resting smooth muscle cell, tropomyosin covers the active sites on actin T/F

A

false

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3
Q

skeletal muscle fibers can change their phenotype T/F

A

true

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4
Q

smooth muscles cells have T-tubules T/F

A

false

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5
Q

the muscles for eye movement only have fast-glycolytic fibers T/F

A

false

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6
Q

the myosin head has affinity for actin in a smooth muscle cell when the light chains of myosin are

A

phosphorylated

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7
Q

a skeletal muscle cell that is not fatigued

A

Will always generate the same tension in response to a single action potential

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8
Q

at any point in the cross bridge cycle, the myosin head has

A

about equal affinity for ADP and ATP

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9
Q

delayed onset muscle soreness is caused by

A

micro tears in the muscle and inflammation

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10
Q

compared to normal, during muscle fatigue

A

calcium levels are higher in the cytoplasm

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11
Q

smooth muscle contraction is ____ skeletal muscle contraction

A

slower than

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12
Q

which fibers tend to be larger ( have a larger diameter)?

A

type IIb fibers

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13
Q

which type of contraction is most likely to cause skeletal muscle hypertrophy

A

eccentric contraction

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14
Q

which type of fiber would fatigue the quickest

A

type IIb fibers

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15
Q

which type of fiber would have the most glycogen

A

tyle IIb fibers

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16
Q

which type of fiber would have the most mitochondria

A

type I fibers

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17
Q

which type of fiber would have the most myoglobin

A

type I fibers

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18
Q

a person who eats a standard diet of 50% of calories from carbohydrates, 20% from proteins, and 30% from fat runs a marathon in 4.5 hours. What would be true about the fuel this skeletal muscles use to generate ATP?

A

in the first 2 hours the skeletal muscles will use glucose for energy, then switch to using fatty acids

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19
Q

at a skeletal muscles optimum length for contraction

A

all the myosin heads are next to actin

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20
Q

if a skeletal muscle is longer than its optimum length for contraction
a- all the myosin heads are next to actin
b-the actin molecules may be bumping up against each other or overlapping
c-titan is being compressed
d- none of the above

A

none of the above

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21
Q

if a skeletal muscle is shorter than its optimum length for contraction

A

the actin molecules may be bumping up against each other or overlapping
titin is being compressed

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22
Q

the constant tension maintained in a skeletal muscle by keeping some muscle fibers in tetanus is called

A

muscle tone

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23
Q

what binds to myosin light chain kinase to activate this enzyme in smooth muscle cells

A

ca2+ - calmodulin complex

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24
Q

what does calcium bind to in smooth muscle that leads to contraction

A

calmodulin

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25
Q

what is actin bound to specifically in smooth muscle

A

dense bodies

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26
Q

what term is used to mean that a muscle partly,, but not fully, relaxes before contracting again, then partly relaxes before contracting again and so forth for a period of time

A

unfused tetanus

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27
Q

what term is used to mean that a muscle stays fully contracted for a period of time

A

fused tetanus

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28
Q

list the three types of fatigues in order from most common to least common

A

central command
muscle fatigue
synaptic fatigue

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29
Q

list the three ways a skeletal muscle has of phosphorylating ADP in order from fastest to slowest

A

phosphocreatine
glycolysis
oxidative phosphorylation

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30
Q

list the three ways a skeletal muscle has of phosphorylating ADP in order from most efficient to least efficient. state how many ATP molecules you can get from each original substrate with each method

A

oxidative phosphorylation- 36 ATP/ glucose
glycolysis- 2 ATP/ glucose
phosphocreatine- 1 ATP/ phosphocreatine

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31
Q

what happens in synaptic fatigue

A

the motor neuron realizes acetylcholine faster than it can be made

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32
Q

It is normal for muscles to go into tetanus. T/F

A

true

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33
Q

The shorter the muscle is when it contracts, the more force it will generate.
T/F

A

false

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34
Q

The velocity of muscle shortening decreases as the load increases.
T/F

A

true

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35
Q

In general, white meat should be slightly sweeter than dark meat.
T/F

A

true

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36
Q

The thin myofilament in smooth muscle does NOT contain

A

troponin

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37
Q

the action potential in a skeletal muscle fiber is over before the muscle starts to contract T/F

A

true

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38
Q

frequency coding is based on

A

higher calcium levels in the skeletal muscle cell

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39
Q

the level of calcium in the cytoplasm of a skeletal muscle cell is constant when the cell is in fused tetanus t/f

A

false

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40
Q

the heavier the load, the more myosin heads involved in cross bridge cycling T/F

A

false

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41
Q

the use of fatty acids to generate ATP always requires oxygen T/F

A

true

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42
Q

fast glycolytic fibers are also called

A

type IIb fibers

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43
Q

fast- oxidative glycolytic fibers are also called

A

type II a fibers

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44
Q

slow-oxidative fibers are also called

A

type I fibers

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45
Q

increasing the concentration of potassium in the t-tubule would cause the action potentials in the T-tubules to

A

repolarize slower

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46
Q

A smooth muscle cell will only contract if the neuron that innervates it fires an action potential. T/F

A

false

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47
Q

Which type of smooth muscle has finer control over the tension in an organ?

A

multiunit

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48
Q

Which type of motor neuron innervates the intrafusal fibers of a skeletal muscle.

A

gamma motor neurons

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49
Q

The calcium channel that is important for autorhythmicity in some types of smooth muscle opens directly in response to

A

depolarization

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50
Q

The potassium channel that is important for audtorhythmicity is some types of smooth muscle opens directly in response to

A

increased cytoplasmic calcium

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51
Q

calcium must come through the L-type calcium channel to open ryanodine receptors in cardiac muscle T/F

A

true

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52
Q

cardiac muscle has sarcomeres T/F

A

true

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53
Q

in normal physiology, a smooth muscle cell always generates the same amount of tension in response to a single action potential T/F

A

false

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54
Q

in normal physiology, there is always some level of tension in vascular smooth muscle T/F

A

true

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55
Q

in response to a single action potential, enough calcium enters the cytoplasm of a cardiomyocyte to saturate troponin T/F

A

false

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56
Q

myosin light chain phosphatase is activated when the calcium-calmodulin complex binds to it T/F

A

false

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57
Q

Smooth muscle generates less tension is the muscle is shorter or longer than its optimum length T/F

A

false

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58
Q

some cells in the heart have audtorhythmicity T/F

A

true

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59
Q

some smooth muscle cells display a latch state that is similar to rigor mortis T/F

A

true

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60
Q

summation and tetanus is common in cardiomyocytes T/F

A

false

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61
Q

the heart need neuronal input in order to contract T/F

A

false

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62
Q

the smooth muscle cell must fire an action potential in order to contract T/F

A

false

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63
Q

audtorhythmicity never occurs in

A

multiunit smooth muscle

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64
Q

an unexpected shortening of a muscle would cause the alpha motor neuron to an antagonistic muscle to

A

increase its firing rate

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65
Q

an unexpected shortening of a muscle would cause the alpha motor neuron to that muscle to

A

decrease its firing rate

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66
Q

cardiac muscle is more similar to

A

unitary smooth muscle

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67
Q

relaxation is slower in

A

smooth muscle

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68
Q

if a voluntary contraction causes a muscle to shorten as much as the brain expected the muscle to shorten, then the muscle spindle afferent will have _____ firing rate compared to before the voluntary contraction

A

no change in

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69
Q

if I want to pick up a ball that ends of being heavier than I expect, then when I first start to pick up the ball the muscle spindle afferent will have _____ firing rate compared to before I started to pick up the ball

A

an increased

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70
Q

the potassium channels in smooth muscle cells that are involved in audtorhythmicity open directly in response to

A

increase cytoplasmic calcium

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71
Q

muscle spindle afferents to the spinal cord release

A

glutamate

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72
Q

what protein is found in the intercalated discs that is important for the function of cardiac muscle

A

connexins

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73
Q

describe neuronal varicosities

A

multiple swelling along the end of an axon that forms synapses and release neurotransmitter

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74
Q

describe the advantage of innervating a single smooth muscle cell in multiple locations

A

it leads to calcium entering the sarcoplasm in several location along the cell at nearly the same time. this allows for faster contractions than if we relied on calcium diffusion from a single location in the cell

75
Q

the muscle spindle is innervated by

A

both afferent and efferent neurons

76
Q

shortening of muscle during contraction is due to

A

extrafusal fibers

77
Q

voluntary contraction of a skeletal muscle is associated with activation of

A

both alpha and gamma motor neurons

78
Q

how many synapses are between a muscle spindle in a muscle and the alpha motor neuron to the same muscle

A

1

79
Q

how many synapses are between a muscle spindle in a muscle and the alpha motor neuron to the antagonistic muscle

A

2

80
Q

rapid stretch of smooth muscle usually leads to the smooth muscle

A

contracting

81
Q

in ___ smooth muscle you usually have a neuron innervating each individual myocyte

A

multiunit

82
Q

gap junctions link cells in

A

unitary smooth muscle

83
Q

an unexpected shortening of a muscle would cause the muscle spindle afferent to

A

decrease its firing rate

84
Q

the action potential is over before a cardiomyocyte starts contracting T/F

A

false

85
Q

all, or nearly all, organs have an endocrine function T/F

A

true

86
Q

all steroid hormones can regulate gene transcription T/F

A

true

87
Q

since a hormone enters the blood, it will be distributed to al the cells of the body and affect the activity of all the cells in the body T/F

A

false

88
Q

appendicular muscles are controlled by the ______ side of the brain

A

contralateral

89
Q

the bulbospinal pathway controls

A

axial muscles

90
Q

thyroid hormones act more like

A

steroid hormones

91
Q

which type of hormone would be more likely to have a binding protein in the blood

A

lipid-soluble hormones

92
Q

motor memories are stored in

A

the cerebellum

93
Q

the interneuron in the spinal cord between the Golgi tendon organ afferent and the alpha motor neuron that goes to the muscle with that golgi tendon organ releases

A

glycine

94
Q

the interneuron in the spinal cord between the golgi tendon organ afferent and the alpha motor neuron that goes to the antagonist of the muscle with that golgi tendon organ releases

A

glutamate

95
Q

what organ can make cholesterol from fatty acids and package cholesterol into low density lipoprotein

A

liver

96
Q

which vitamin is a steroid hormone

A

vitamin D

97
Q

which of the following is true in the motor control circuits
a-the basal nuclei project to the sensorimotor cortex
b- the basal nuclei project to the thalamus
c-the sensorimotor cortex projects to the basal nuclei
d-the sensorimotor cortex projects to the thalamus
e-the thalamus projects to the basal nuclei
f- the thalamus projects to the sensorimotor cortex

A

b- the basal nuclei project to the thalamus
c-the sensorimotor cortex projects to the basal nuclei
f- the thalamus projects to the sensorimotor cortex

98
Q

which brain areas can project to the local control level of motor control

A

brainstem
motor cortex

99
Q

what is the primary glucocorticoid in humans

A

cortisol

100
Q

what is the primary mineralocorticoid in humans

A

aldosterone

101
Q

what substance that could come from the diet is the precursor for all steroid hormones

A

cholesterol

102
Q

what three types of hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex

A

glucocorticoid
mineralocorticoid
androgens

103
Q

which four organs can make steroid hormones

A

adrenal cortex
ovary
testis
placenta

104
Q

what are the three purposes for hormone binding proteins in the blood

A

1-increase the amount of lipid soluble hormones we can have in the blood
2-prevents rapid degradation of the hormone
3-keeps the free hormone concentrations stable

105
Q

Most organs in the body can make steroid hormones.

A

false

106
Q

The corticospinal motor pathway controls

A

appendicular muscles

107
Q

Which tends to create faster responses in the body?

A

water soluble hormones

108
Q

The greatest activation of the Golgi tendon organ comes with _____________ the muscle connected to the tendon with that Golgi tendon organ.

A

contracting

109
Q

The motor program for a particular action is produced by the ________________ level of motor control.

A

middle

110
Q

the faster reflex in the body is the

A

stretch reflex

111
Q

if you step on a lego brick with bare feet, which of the following will be activated

A

alpha motor neurons to the contralateral quadriceps femurs
alpha motor neurons to the ipsilateral hamstrings

112
Q

which pathway crosses over in the decussation of the pyramids

A

the corticospinal pathway

113
Q

which type of hormonal regulation leads to very little change in blood hormone concentration over time

A

chronic

114
Q

which type of hormone regulation requires a specific stimulus to trigger release

A

acute

115
Q

the golgi tendon reflex is most often activated in the body by ___ in the activity of the golgi tendon organ afferent

A

a decrease

116
Q

which level of motor control is responsible for initiating a motion

A

highest level

117
Q

which type of hormone would bind to intracellular receptors

A

lipid soluble hormones

118
Q

axial muscles are controlled by the ___ side of the brain

A

ipsilateral

119
Q

steroid hormones are stored in vesicles in gland cells until they are released T/F

A

false

120
Q

Oxytocin is released from the

A

posterior pituitary

121
Q

There is a portal system for blood flow between the hypothalamus and the

A

anterior pituitary

122
Q

Hepatocytes have

A

GLUT2

123
Q

The most numerous cell in the pancreatic islets are the

A

beta cells

124
Q

What is the full name of the hormone from the pituitary gland that stimulates the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

125
Q

the insulin receptor is

A

a receptor tyrosine kinase

126
Q

exocrine glands secrete to the _____ of the body

A

outside

127
Q

what is another name for the pituitary gland given in the video

A

hypophysis

128
Q

what hormone is secreted by pancreatic alpha cells

A

glucagon

129
Q

what hormone is secreted by pancreatic beta cells

A

insulin

130
Q

other than insulin, what can stimulate the insertion of GLUT4 transporters into the membrane of skeletal myocytes

A

exercise

131
Q

what is the name of the blood vessel that connects the capillary beds in the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary as stated in the video

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vein

132
Q

in the absence of insulin what does the liver do with lipids to provide energy for the brain

A

converts them to ketones

133
Q

state the four cell types that have insulin receptors

A

skeletal myocytes
adipocytes
hepatocytes
some neurons

134
Q

list all the effects of insulin in the liver

A

increases glycogen synthesis, lipogenesis, protein synthesis
inhibits glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis, proteolysis, beta-oxidation, ketogenesis

135
Q

the____ is connected to the hypothalamus via the infundibular stalk

A

posterior pituitary

136
Q

neurons that secrete hormones to control the anterior pituitary are

A

parvocellular neurons

137
Q

the anterior pituitary is primarily

A

epithelial tissue

138
Q

the posterior pituitary is primarily

A

nervous tissue

139
Q

most of the lipogenesis that occurs in humans happens in

A

hepatocytes

140
Q

which of the following release hormones into the blood

A

endocrine glands

141
Q

the lumen of the digestive tract is considered

A

outside the body

142
Q

steroid hormones inhibit the release of their stimulating hormones by acting in the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus T/F

A

true

143
Q

only resting skeletal myocytes and adipocytes need insulin to take up glucose T/F

A

true

144
Q

in the absence if insulin, where specifically are GLUT-4 transporters in an adipocyte

A

in intracellular vesicles

145
Q

other than stimulating glucose uptake, what other effect was mentioned in the video as a result of insulin acting on skeletal myocytes

A

glycogen synthesis

146
Q

other than stimulating glucose uptake, what two effects were mentioned in the video as a result of insulin acting on adipocytes

A

use the glucose taken up by the GLUT4 to make glycerol
secretes lipoprotein lipase that attaches to capillary cells and breaks off the fatty acids from triglycerides in lipoproteins from the liver. Fatty acid diffuse into the adipocytes where they are attached too the glycerol they just made to store them as triglycerides

147
Q

what is the advantage of having a portal blood system between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

A

there is only a small flow of blood circulating in the system, the small amount of hormone secreted by the parvocellular neurons in the hypothalamus reaches high enough concentrations in the anterior pituitary to influence the gland cells there

148
Q

why is it unlikely that there is a short loop feedback between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

A

because the anterior pituitary hormones are water-soluble, they do not cross the blood-brain barrier. since the parvocellular neurons are behind the blood brain barrier they cannot be acted upon by anterior pituitary hormones

149
Q

why do the neurons that release hormone in the posterior pituitary need to be so large

A

because they secrete their hormones into general circulation they need a lot of cellular machinery to make enough hormones to get a high enough concentration in the blood to stimulate the hormone receptors in the target organ

150
Q

state the two hormones released from the posterior pituitary. if a hormone has 2 names, list both names

A

vasopressin/ antidiuretic hormone- increase blood pressure, decrease water excretion in the kidney
oxytocin-uterine contraction, milk let down, bonding

151
Q

cortisol stimulates insulin resistance T/F

A

true

152
Q

cortisol ___ gluconeogenesis in the liver

A

stimulates

153
Q

cortisol_____ reproductive function in the male and female

A

suppresses

154
Q

cortisol stimulates

A

lipolysis

155
Q

cortisol ____ the transcription of adrenergic receptors

A

increases

156
Q

cortisol ____ the transcription of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methytransferase in noradrenergic neurons

A

decreases

157
Q

cortisol____ the transcription of norepinephrine re uptake transporters in neurons

A

decreases

158
Q

glucocorticoid ___ inflammation and immune responses

A

inhibit

159
Q

glucocorticoids ____vascular permeability

A

decrease

160
Q

cytokines

A

stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticotropin releasing hormone secretion

161
Q

the glucagon receptor is

A

a Gs protein coupled receptor

162
Q

vasopressin

A

stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion

163
Q

the vitamin D receptor is

A

an intracellular receptor

164
Q

which two ions form hydoxyapatite

A

calcium
phosphate

165
Q

a common definition for stress is anything that activates the ____ nervous system

A

sympathetic

166
Q

what is the name of the cells that relate parathyroid hormone

A

chief cells

167
Q

what are three effects of glucagon in the liver? which of these effects can be stimulated even in the presence of insulin

A

glycogenolysis
ketogenesis
gluconeogenesis- still happens in the presence of insulin

168
Q

what organ does vitamin D act on that parathyroid hormone does not, and what is the effect of vitamin D in this organ

A

the small intestine increases the absorption of Ca2+ from the diet

169
Q

the de novo production of vitamin D in the body depends on which three organs

A

liver
skin
kidney

170
Q

what three effects does parathyroid hormone have in the kidney

A

stimulates the production of the active form of vitamin D
stimulates the reabsorption of Ca2+
inhibits the reabsorption of PO4 3-

171
Q

what are the two parts of the adrenal gland and what is made in each part that is important for the stress response

A

increases heart rate & force of heart contraction - increase blood flow
divert blood away from abdominal organs
stimulates glycogenolysis
stimulates lipolysis

172
Q

Cortisol

A

inhibits cytokine release

173
Q

Parathyroid hormone secretion is stimulated by

A

decreased blood calcium

174
Q

Vitamin D causes

A

bone resorption

175
Q

Which of the following organs is NOT involved in vitamin D synthesis?

A

spleen

176
Q

Glucagon receptors are found on (select all that apply)

A

hepatocytes

177
Q

the first step in de novo vitamin D synthesis occurs in the

A

liver

178
Q

most people have ____ parathyroid glands

A

4

179
Q

it is more important to maintain normal blood calcium levels than to maintain bone density T/F

A

true

180
Q

the healthiest way to get vitamin d is through

A

supplements

181
Q

the stress response prepares the body for physical activity T/F

A

true

182
Q

cortisol levels tend to be higher

A

when you first wake up

183
Q

insulin resistance increases the amount of fuel in the blood T/F

A

true

a&p (5 decks)

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