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organic chemistry > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

a particular arrangement of atoms that helps us predict the chemical and physical properties of a molecule

A

Functional Groups

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2
Q

ionic bonds exist between a ___ and a ___

A

anion and cation

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3
Q

pure covalent bonds are the sharing of electrons by

A

the same atom (equal sharing)

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4
Q

polar covalent bonds are the sharing of electrons by

A

different atoms (unequal sharing)

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5
Q

formal charge formula

A

of unshared electrons + 1/2 shared electrons = total. Group # - total = charge

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6
Q

why are molecules that have resonance more stable

A

resonance makes molecules more stable because it allows for delocalized electrons which allows for lower electron electron repulsivity

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7
Q

constructive interaction

A

amplitude of the waves grow (same sign)

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8
Q

destructive interaction

A

amplitude of the waves cancel each other out (different sign)

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9
Q

hybridization

A

occurs when we know a molecule exists and need a way to justify reality

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10
Q

major lobe

A

greatest chance of finding the electron in that hybrid orbital

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11
Q

hydrocarbons

A

molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen

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12
Q

2 categories of hydrocarbons

A

aromatic and aliphatic

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13
Q

aromatic

A

means to have a scent

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14
Q

benzene

A

ring structure, basis of aromatic molecules

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15
Q

aliphatic

A

“fat like” molecules

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16
Q

alkane

A

carbon to carbon single bond

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17
Q

methane

A

simplest alkane
CH4

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18
Q

ethane

A

CH3CH3

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19
Q

propane

A

CH3-CH2-CH3

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20
Q

primary carbon

A

a carbon bonded to one other carbon atom

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21
Q

primary hydrogen

A

a hydrogen atom bonded to a primary carbon

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22
Q

secondary carbon

A

a carbon atom bonded to 2 carbon atoms

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23
Q

secondary hydrogen

A

a hydrogen bonded to a secondary carbon

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24
Q

tertiary carbon

A

a carbon atom bonded to 3 other carbon atoms

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25
tertiary hydrogen
a hydrogen atom bonded to a tertiary carbon atom
26
quaternary carbon
a carbon atom bonded to 4 other carbon atoms
27
alkene
a carbon-carbon double bond
28
ethene
CH2=CH2
29
ethyne
CHCH
30
heteroatomic molecules
contain molecules other than hydrogen and carbon
31
"R"
containing carbons and hydrogens
32
alcohols
contain -OH group that is covalently bonded to a carbon
33
methyl alcohol (not drinking alcohol)
CH3OH
34
ethyl alcohol (drinking alcohol)
CH3CH2OH
35
propyl alcohol
CH3-CH2-CH2-OH
36
isopropyl alcohol
CH3-CH (^OH bonded to middle C) -CH3
37
ROH
alcohol
38
ethers
two carbon atoms bonded to a oxygen atom
39
symmetrical ether
2 R groups that are the same are bonded on either side of the oxygen
40
dimethyl ether
CH3-O-CH3
41
diethel ether
CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3
42
unsymmetrical ether
two different R groups bonded on either side of a Oxygen
43
CH3-O-CH2CH3
ethel methyl ether
44
amines
contain molecules bonded to a nitogen atom with a lone pair
45
R-NH2 (one R group bonded to nitrogen atom)
primary amine
46
R-NH-R (two r groups bonded to nitrogen atom)
secondary amine
47
R-NR-R (three R groups bonded to Nitrogen atom)
tertiary amine
48
NR4+ (four R groups bonded to a nitrogen atom)
quaternary salts (generally do not smell)
49
carbonyl
contain a carbon = oxygen (carbon oxygen double bond)
50
R-CO-H
aldehyde
51
H-CO-H
formaldihyde
52
R-CO-C
ketone
53
CH3-CO-CH3
acetone (nail polis remover)
54
R-CO-OH
carboxylic acid
55
RCOOR
esther
56
which is stronger sigma or pi bonds
sigma because the electrons are located along the internuclear axis between the two nuclei making a stronger bond
57
sp3
tetrahedral 109 degree bond angle
58
sp2
trigonal planar 120 degree bond angle
59
sp
linear 180 degree bond angle
60
sp3 with a lone pair
trigonal pyramidal 107 degree bond angle
61
structural isomer
same chemical formula different connectivity
62
high Ka value
strong acid
63
low Ka value
weak acid
64
pKa
-log Ka
65
small pKa
strong acid
66
large pKa
weak acid
67
pKa of methane
50
68
pKa of ammonia
35
69
pKa of water
16
70
pKa of H-F
3.2
71
more stable conjugate base means
stronger acid
72
acidity is determined across a period by
electronegativity
73
acidity is determined down a group by
size or polarizability
74
an acid
proton donor
75
a base
electron acceptor
76
pKa of alkane
50
77
pKa of an alkene
42
78
pKa of an alkyne
24
79
most acidic: alkane, alkene, alkyne
alkyne because it has the lowest pKa value most likely due to the hybridization
80
sp hybridization acidity ranking
most acidic because most stable because has the most s character
81
sp3 hybridization acidity ranking
least acidic because least stable because it has the least s character
82
the more p character the CLOSER or the FURTHER from the nucleus the orbital will be
further
83
pKa of an alcohol
18
84
pKa of an acid
5
85
look at _____ to determine acid strength
conjugate base, stability, hybridization, size, polarization, and electronegativity
86
high melting point is controlled by
symmetry
87
boiling point is controlled by
intermolecular forces
88
high meting point
highly symmetrical
89
the stronger the intermolecular forces the
the higher the boiling point
90
are alkanes soluble
alkanes are not soluble due to them being non polar molecules and like dissolves like
91
which is higher in energy eclipse conformers or staggered conformers
eclipse conformers due to electron-electron repulsions of the hydrogens
92
what is the barrier to free rotation
2.8 kcal/mol also called the torsional strain of the molecule
93
CH4
methane
94
CH3CH3 2 carbon chain
ethane
95
CH3-CH2-CH3 3 carbon chain
propane
96
CH3CH2CH2CH3 4 carbon chain
butane
97
CH3(CH2)3CH3 5 carbon chain
pentane
98
CH3(CH2)4CH3 6 carbon chain
hexane
99
CH3(CH2)5CH3 7 carbon chain
heptane
100
CH3(CH2)6CH3 8 carbon chain
octane
101
CH3(CH2)7CH3 9 carbon chain
nonane
102
CH3(CH2)8CH3 10 carbon chain
decane
103
CH3(CH2)9CH3 11 carbon chain
undecane
104
CH3(CH2)10CH3 12 carbon chain
dodecane
105
CH3(CH2)11CH3 13 carbon chain
tridecane
106
CH3(CH2)12CH3 14 carbon chain
tetradecane
107
CH3(CH2)13CH3 15 carbon chain
pentadecane
108
CH3(CH2)14CH3 16 carbon chain
centane hexadentacane
109
CH3(CH2)15CH3 17 carbon chain
heptadecane
110
CH3(CH2)16CH3 18 carbon chain
octadecane
111
CH3(CH2)17CH3 19 carbon chain
nonadecane
112
CH3(CH2)18CH3 20 carbon chain
eicosane
113
straight chain alkane
can draw a continuous line through a molecule

organic chemistry (1 decks)

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