Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

microbe

A

a living organism that requires a microscope to be seen

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2
Q

supersized microbial cells

A

some species of protists grow to sizes large enough to see with the unaided eye

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3
Q

microbial communities

A

complex, multicellular assemblages i.e. mushrooms, kelps

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4
Q

virus

A

a noncellular particle containing genetic material that takes over the metabolism of a cells to generate more virus particles

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5
Q

Florence Nightengale

A
  • founder of professional nursing and the science of medical statistics
  • used methods by the French to prove the high mortality rate due to disease among British soldiers
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6
Q

Robert Hooke

A
  • built a compound microscope
  • saw nematodes
  • never saw single cell bacteria
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7
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A
  • first to observe single-cell microbes (really)
  • saw lice/fleas and single cell protists and algae
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8
Q

spontaneous generation

A

the theory that under current earth conditions life can arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

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9
Q

Spallanzani

A
  • showed a sealed flask of meat brother sterilized by boiling failed to grow microbes
  • also demonstrated cell fission
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10
Q

Pasteur

A
  • addressed spontaneous generation
  • revealed biochemical basis of microbial growth
  • found metabolic preference for one mirror image of a molecule over another
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11
Q

fermentaion

A

the production of ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation, using organic compounds as both electron donors and acceptors

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12
Q

Pasteur discovered _____ is caused by _____ in the swan neck experiemtn

A

fermentation, yeast

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13
Q

Tyndall

A
  • performed similar experiment to Pasteur but found opposite result
  • hay infused broth gave rise to endospores
  • lead to autoclave
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14
Q

endospore

A

heat resistant form of bacteria

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15
Q

germ theory of disease

A

the theory that many disease are caused by microbes

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16
Q

chain of infection

A

the serial passage of a pathogenic organism from and infected individual to a healthy one

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17
Q

pure culture

A

a culture containing only a single strain of species of microorganism

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18
Q

colony

A

a visible cluster of microbes on a plate, all derived from a single founding microbe

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19
Q

Koch’s postulates (4)

A
  1. the microbe is found in all cases of the disease but is absent from healthy individuals
  2. the microbe is isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
  3. when the microbe is introduced into a healthy individual, the host shows the same disease
  4. he same strain shows the same characteristics as before
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20
Q

antiseptic

A

a chemical that kills microbes

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21
Q

Lister

A
  • started using antiseptic agents to treat wounds and surgical instruments
  • developed fully antiseptic environment
  • antiseptics, if ingested, killed patients so it lead to the search for antibiotics
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22
Q

lithotroph

A

organisms that feed solely on inorganic minerals, aka demolithotrophs

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23
Q

Winogradsky

A
  • among the first to study microbes in natural habitats
  • discovered lithotrophs
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24
Q

enrichment culture

A

the use of selective growth media to only allow certain microbes to grow

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25
Winogradsky column
a glass tube containing a stratified environment that causes specific microbes to grow at specific levels
26
geochemical cycling
the interconversion of various organic and inorganic forms of elements
27
extremophiles
an organism that only grows in an extreme (to humans) environment
28
endosymbiosis
an intimate association between different species in which one partner population grows within the body of another organism
29
biofilm
a community of microbes growing on a solid surface
30
microbiome
the total community of microbes associated with and organism or defined habitat
31
two early challenges in classifying microbes
1. the resolution of the light microscope visualized little more than the outward shape of microbes 2. microbes do not readily fit into the classic definition of a species (a group of organisms that interbreed)
32
Haeckle proposed a third branch for microbes called _____
monera
33
Herbert Copeland divided Monera into two groups.....
eukaryotic protists and prokaryotic bacteria
34
Robert Whittaker added _____ as a fifth kingdom
fungi
35
Carl Woose
discovered archaea
36
chemiosmotic theory
the products of oxidative metabolism store their energy in an electrochemical gradient that can drive cellular processes like ATP synthesis
37
resolution
smallest distance that two object can be separated and still be distinguished as separate objects
38
focus (foci)
the point in which rays of energy; in light microscopy, the convergence of light rays maximizes the clarity of the optical image
39
fovea
portion of the retina where photoreceptors are packed in high density
40
cones
detect primary colors
41
detection
the ability to determine the presence of an object
42
bacilli (sing. bacillus)
a rod shaped bacterial or archaeal cell
43
cocci (sing. coccus)
a spherically shaped bacterial or archaeal cell
44
spirochete
a bacterium with a tight, flexible, spiral shape
45
how is the spiral form of spirochetes maintained?
internal axial filaments and flagella, as well as an outer sheath
46
light microscope
resolves images by their absorption of light
47
techniques of light microscopy (3)
fluorescence, dark-field, and phase contrast
48
electron micrscopy
uses beams of electrons to resolve details several order of magnitude smaller than light microscopy
49
xray crystallography
detects the interference patterns of xrays entering the crystal lattice of a molecule; from the patter researchers build a computational model
50
electromagnetic radiation
energy radiating in the form of alternating electrical and magnetic waves, quantized in photons
51
resolution requires (3)
1. contrast between the object and its surrounding 2. wavelengths shorter/smaller than the object 3. magnification
52
absorption
object gains photos energy
53
refelction
wavefront redirect from the surface of the object
54
fluorescence
emission of light from a molecule that absorbed light of higher, shorter wavelength
55
refraction
light bends as it enters a substance and slows its speed
56
scattering
a portion of the wave length is converted to a spherical wave
57
refraction index
the degree to which a substance causes the refraction of light; a ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in another medium
58
empty magnification
magnification without and increase in resolution
59
interference
interaction of two wavefronts; can be additive if in phase or subtractive if out of phase
60