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Demographic Anthropology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Demography

A

The study of populations

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2
Q

size and composition

A

age sex race ethnicity education spatial distribution

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3
Q

Processes that change size and composition

A

birth
death
migration
unions

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4
Q

formal demography

A

math and stats

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5
Q

population studies

A

interplay of demographic and non-demographic
variables

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6
Q

Balancing equation

A

N(t) = N(0) + B[0,t) – D[0,t) + IM[0,t) - OM[0,t)

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7
Q

Growth rate equation

A

birth rate-death rate + net migration rate
r= b-d+im-om

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8
Q

arithmetic (linear) growth

A

change by a constant number each period (year, for example)

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9
Q

geometric growth

A

growth by a constant ratio each period

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10
Q

exponential growth

A

growth compounds continuously (instantaneously)
rate of change is constant

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11
Q

population structure

A
  • Relative distributions by age and sex
  • Varies among populations and over time
  • Affects observed numbers and rates of demographic events
  • Important to consider structure in any analysis!
  • Age-specific rates
    Example: ASDR = #deaths at age A [0,t) / # person-years at age A[0,t)
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12
Q

Young age dependency ratio

A

Population 15 and under / population aged 18 to 64*

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13
Q

Old age dependence ratio

A

Population 65+ / population aged 18 to 64

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14
Q

Traditionally concerned with small populations

A
  • Ethnographic data
  • Skeletal remains
  • Historical documents
  • Genetic evidence
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15
Q

Subsistence strategies

A

How a population makes a living
* Foraging (hunting and gathering), horticulture, pastoralism, intensive agriculture,
industrial agriculture
* Amount of resources, environmental factors, and labor requirements shape
population size, density, social organization, etc.

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16
Q

Model of cultural systems
(cultural ecology)

A

ideology > social organization > economy/technology/population

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17
Q

foraging

A

10,000+ years ago
all human groups relied on foraging
Foragers for 190,000 years (95%) of our
existence as a species
Today - 250k foragers (0.005%)

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18
Q

foragers

A

Rely on naturally available
resources
Some combination of
plant &
animal foods
 Mix varies with
environment

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19
Q

settlement and mobility

A

Move to resources
Seasonally & occasionally
Required in marginal
environments

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20
Q

mobile foragers

A

Don’t store food for long
Not enough or can’t be stored
But starvation and famine are rare

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21
Q

Subsistence agriculture (horticulture)

A

energy = human labor

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22
Q

Intensive agriculture

A

energy = non-human (animal) & human energy

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23
Q

Industrial agriculture

A

energy = non-human (fossil fuel), & human energy

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24
Q

Pastoralism

A

energy = depends, but always human & animal

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25
domestication
Plants or animals that are different from their wild ancestors or relatives.
26
result of domestication
Result: plant & animal species dependent on humans for dispersal, reproduction and protection.
27
agriculture
Involves human efforts to modify environments of domesticated plants & increase their productivity & usefulness weeding (removing competitors) fertilizing soils tilling land
28
Horticulture
“Garden cultivation” Polyculture Little surplus KEY: Local inputs & human labor only Locally made tools No irrigation, fertilization
29
Intensive agriculture
Investment of energy to gain an even greater return in energy
30
Social Organization
Horticulture & Intensive Ag. = sedentary Creates new political & social problems: protecting resources (fields, etc) resolving disputes Descent groups own land Usufruct rights As long as you work it, it is yours (horticulture
31
Pastoralism
Animal husbandry  breeding, use & care of herd animals Two types:  Sedentary pastoralism  Dairy farming, ranching  Nomadic pastoralism
32
notations
* n=length of interval (often 1 or 5 years) * x=exact age x * Lower-case letters: an age/interval-specific measure or a measure calculated for the life table * Upper-case letters: a measure totaled over several ages/intervals or an observed measure
33
nNx
Observed mid-interval population
34
nDx
Observed number of deaths in interval
35
nMx
death rate between ages x and x+n
36
nAx
avg. person-years lived in interval by those dying in the interval
37
nQx
: prob. of dying between ages x and x+n
38
nPx
: prob. of surviving between ages x and x+n
39
lx
number left alive at age x
40
nDx
number dying between ages x and x+n
41
nLx
Person-years lived between ages x and x+n
42
Tx
Person-years lived above age x
43
e0x
Expectation of life at age x
44
life tables estimate...
both level AND age pattern of mortality
45
Life expectancy at birth
a common measure of level of mortality
46
Sex variation in mortality level
* e0 is higher for women * Behavioral (smoking and alcohol consumption) * Hormonal * Estrogens enhance immunocompetence, androgens reduce it * Some exceptions * Contexts with high female infant mortality * Alcohol consumption low, fertility high * Contemporary small-scale societies
47
Level of mortality
* Life expectancy at birth * Lower limit: about 20 * Cannot sustain much higher mortality given human fertility patterns * Interpretation * Prehistoric: 20-40 * Modern: 40-80 *greatest observed variation * Contemporary small-scale: higher than prehistoric, but lower than industrial
48
What causes level and age-pattern variation?
* Proximate Causes * Closest to or immediately responsible * Ultimate Causes * “higher-level” or cause of the proximate causes
49
Epidemiologic Transition
Describes changing patterns in morbidity and mortality by cause over time
50
Age patterns
* U-shaped * Age patterns vary independently of level of mortality * Geographical patterns persist even though level changes * Difficult to ascertain from the past * Use of model life tables in paleodemography (same issues as e0 estimates) * Cannot easily determine sex of pre-pubescent skeletons
51
Modeling age patterns
siler model
52
Human mortality can be decomposed into 3 components
* Juvenile mortality * Senescent mortality * Residual mortality
53
Cause of death and age patterns
* Infant and early childhood * Low today, but a large component of mortality in the past * Undernutrition * Infectious disease
54
Residual and senescent mortality
* Residual: Accidents, violence * Senescent: Degenerative disease, chronic disease
55
heterogenity
variation in risks
56
crude death rate measurement
number of deaths during year / mid-year population
57
probability
occurrences / # trials, must be [0,1]
58
ratio
a/b example: sex ratio = (N males/N females) * 100
59
How do we learn about contemporary national populations? sources of data
* Census * Civil registration * Birth records * Death records * Marriage records * Surveys * Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) * American Community Survey (ACS) * National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health (AddHealth) * Tax records * Social Security records, Medicare/Medicaid records
60
Census
National enumeration of a population at the same time
61
De facto
* Counts people where they were found on day of census
62
de jure
Counts people where they usually live, regardless of where they are on census day
63
Why take a census?
* Taxation * Military conscription * Social services * Political representation * Planning * Denominator of many important measurements (population at risk)
64
United States Census
* Began in 1790 * 2010 Census * First census without a long form (administered to 1 in 6 households, questions about economics, etc) * Long form replaced by American Community Survey * 2020 Census * First census with Internet response option
65
Surveys
-cross sectional surveys -longitudinal surveys -focus
66
cross sectional surveys
* “snapshot”; repeated panel
67
longitudinal surveys
Follow up over multiple “waves” or rounds of observation/surveying, etc
68
focus surveys
* Group(s) of interest * Nationally-representative
69
n is
length of interval
70
x is
exact age

Demographic Anthropology (3 decks)

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