Exam 1 Flashcards
What is Privilege and what makes it key for understanding Early Modern Europe?
Privilege was based on your social status. Everything was based on religion, place of birth, and group identity. There were not individual rights, and it was based on your hierarchy.
What was the “Great Chain of Being” and how did it and the concept of Privilege and Obligation shape Early Modern European Society?
The “Great Chain of Being” was a social hierarchy based on privilege and obligation. It was Aristotle’s rank ordering all living things. Believe that species could never evolve. Shaped early society due to the fact that you were born into the hierarchy you would stay in for the rest of your life.
What is the manor and Manorialism?
Manorialism- system of land ownership and rural society.
Meant that the peasants and serfs could not leave the land they were born too.
How did manorialism affect how Europeans lived?
It did not allow the peasants to live anywhere else than where their lord bought land. They had to pay taxes and dues to their owner.
Who lived in urban areas and what privileges and obligations did they possess?
guilds, merchants, traders. They were poor unskilled, homeless people. They were exempt from military. Obligations: obey the laws, pay taxes. They had the right to beg on the streets.
What were Luther’s main criticisms of the Catholic Church?
He did not believe that you had to practice faith to do good works. He did not think that the church could pardon people’s sins. He thought the church hierarchy abused their power.
How did his criticisms challenge Privilege and the establish hierarchy? How did they affect individual identity?
They challenged privilege because he rejected the authority of the pope to interpret God’s will. He wanted church service to be more accessible and congregationally led. No Latin as well.
How did others (peasants, Anabaptists, Henry VIII, Calvin) interpret Luther?
The anabaptists protested against Luther because they believed that faith is only genuine if it is visible and expressed in action. Calvin had a deep respect for him as he had similar views and would later quote him in “The Necessity of Reforming the Church.” Henry was a devout catholic and defended the Pope against Luther’s ideas. He also reformed the church but for other reasons. The peasants stood up with Luther as he challenged the church and its corruption.
How did their interpretations go beyond what Luther’s? What consequences did these interpretations have for the Reformation?
Peasants- Liked Luther for standing up against the church, however they led a revolt against the reforms that Luther had made after he betrayed them.
Anabaptists-
Henry VIII-
Calvin-
How did the Catholic Church respond to Luther’s Reformation?
Pope Leo X wanted Luther to take back what he said, he denied. He was tried at the Diet of Worms (1527) and was convicted and had his works banned. At the Edict of worms, he was excommunicated.
How did the interests of state politics affect religion and religious practice at this time?
Each ruler chose the religion of their state. There was no religious toleration and the anabaptists and Calvinists were not recognized. the religious tensions led to a 30 yr war.
What role did religion and the official Church play in monarchies centralizing and consolidating their power?
The church was subordinate to the state. The king subordinates the Nobles and church. There was no check on the Kings power.
How did absolute monarchs subdue powerful regional rivals?
Governments were decentralized. Royal power was consolidated and private armies were eliminated. Fortified cities were built and allowed for extra protection. Richelieu destroyed the Huguenots fortresses and banned their rights to have fortified cities.
How were religious conflicts resolved in 16th century Holy Roman Empire & France?
Through war and compromise, it removed France’s power as a major European Power.
What are the main ideas of the Scientific Revolution and how did they challenge the established political hierarchy and notions of individual agency?
Reason and observation created new knowledge that challenged the social order. Earth revolves around the sun, credibility of catholic scholarship, literal truth of the bible.
