Exam 1

Question 1

Speech sound disorder

Answer 1

Difficulty or combination of difficulties with perception, motor production, or phonological representation of speech sounds/segments (including phonotactic rules governing permissible speech sound sequences in a language)

Question 2

Articulation

Answer 2

Difficulty producing individual phonemes; motor aspect; based on errors (substitutions and distortions)

Question 3

Phonology

Answer 3

Impact more than one sound; linguistic aspects; consistent and rule-based (phonological process)

Question 4

Delay

Answer 4

speech and language develop in a typical sequential pattern but are on a delayed schedule

Question 5

Disorder

Answer 5

speech and language develop in an atypical manner

Question 6

Risk factors for SSD

Answer 6

-gender
-prenatal and postnatal factors
-multiple births/siblings/birth order
-medical conditions
-hearing status
-family history
-parent education level
-SES
-home learning activities

Question 7

3 main areas of speech

Answer 7

1.) Articulation - motor aspect of speech sound production
2.) Fluency - flow of speech
3.) Voice - sound produced when vocal folds are vibrating

Question 8

5 sub-areas of speech

Answer 8

1.) Phonology - sound system and rules for combining sounds into words
2.) Morphology - study of structure of words and rules for combining word parts to create complex words
3.) Syntax - rules for combining words and phrases into sentences
4.) Semantics - meanings of words, phrases, and sentences
5.) Pragmatics - how language is used in different contexts and function/reasons for communicating

Question 9

Speech production structure

Answer 9

lips, teeth, tongue, mandible, nose, pharynx, larynx, respiratory system, velum, hard palate

Question 10

Speech perception structure

Answer 10

ear and neurological system

Question 11

Both speech and perception structure

Answer 11

neurological system (you can have a disorder in one part of the brain that is related to speech production or you can have a disorder in one part of the brain that is related to speech perception)

Question 12

Intelligibility levels

Answer 12

18-24 months = 20-50%
2-3 years = 50-75%
4-5 years = 75-90%
5+ years = 90-100%

(understandability of child speech)

Question 13

Speech disorder

Answer 13

when someone exhibits errors in speech development in native language that needs to be corrected

Question 14

Speech difference

Answer 14

when someone displays typical speech patterns for their natice language, despite being somewhere that these may be outside the norm that does not need corrected

Question 15

Starks Classification system

Answer 15

describes transition from early vocalization to first 5 words (stages can overlap and are approximate)

Question 16

Stage 1

Answer 16

Vegetative sounds and reflexive crying (birth - 2 months)

-vocalization are vegetative
-grunts, signs, tongue clicks associated with feeding

Question 17

Stage 2

Answer 17

Cooing/gooing and laughter (2-4 months)

-characterized by sounds of contentment
-make coo/goo sound when in comfortable state
-vocalizations are mainly vowel-like but have nasal and velar qualities
-sustained laughter

Question 18

Stage 3

Answer 18

Vocal play (4-6 months)

-longer vowels produced
-experimenting with variations in tongue position
-more vowels in vocal play
-wide range of pitch and loudness variations
-new sounds appear and nonvocal sounds (raspberries)

Question 19

Stage 4

Answer 19

Babbling (6+ months)

-contains reduplication and non reduplicated babbling
-smoother transition between sounds
-more motor control
-exchange imitative babbling
-imitation of speech behaviors

Question 20

Stage 5

Answer 20

Jargon (10+ months)

-extension of babbling behaviors (more complex)
-demonstrate jargon (longer strings of babbling with variations in intonation patterns, rhythms, and pauses)
-facial expressions and gestures added
-syllables are mostly open (end in vowel)

Question 21

Down Syndrome

Answer 21

-Difference in oral structure affects speech production (narrow, high arched palate, small oral cavity, large tongue)
-Associated with limited skills in coordinated speech movements, reduced rate of speech, inappropriate intonation, improper stress on words

Reasons for delay
-Cognitive development
-Hearing problems
-Decreased muscle tone, strength, and coordination

Treatment
-Total Communication Approach is helpful
-Use all means of communication
-First words develops between 1-5 years (signs develop between 10-12 months)
-Provide visuals
-Teach signs for commonly used words
-Decrease communication frustration
-Respond positively to communication attempts
-Use music and sond to promote speech and lang development

Question 22

Voice

Answer 22

Determined by the presence or absence of vocal fold vibration during production of speech

Question 23

Place

Answer 23

Indicated the moveable and non-movable articulators that are used to create speech sounds

Question 24

Manner

Answer 24

Refers to how the speech sound is made (how the air flows through the constriction created by the articulators)