exam 1 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Ventromedial Pathways
A
reactive + balance tracts
2
Q
Tectospinal tract
A
ventromedial tract responsible for coordinating audiovisual information
3
Q
reticulospinal tract
A
ventromedial pathway responsible for voluntary and involuntary movements, muscle tone, and spinal reflexes
4
Q
vestibulospinal tract
A
ventromedial pathway responsible for facilitating VOR and limb extensor muscles in response to otolith organs
5
Q
Antero lateral pathway
A
voluntary movements
6
Q
Rubrospinal tract
A
antero lateral pathway responsible for gross motor movements + motor coordination
7
Q
corticospinal tract
A
anterolateral pathway important for fine motor movements
8
Q
spinocerebellar tract
A
sensory tract responsible for relaying non conscious, proprioceptive information
9
Q
spinothalamic tract
A
sensory tract responsible for relaying information about touch, pain, and temperature
10
Q
Dorsal column medial lemniscus tract
A
sensory tract responsible for relaying conscious, refined touch, proprioception, and vibration
11
Q
alpha motor neurons
A
innervate extrafusal muscle fibers to cause muscular contraction
12
Q
encapsulated endings
A
primarily mechanoreceptors that inform about object movement and frictions
13
Q
free endings
A
primarily act as nociceptors
14
Q
proprioceptors
A
low grade mechanoreceptors that inform the CNS about movement and position by detecting stretch
15
Q
muscle spindles
A
detect muscle stretch
16
Q
golgi tendon organs
A
detect applied force
17
Q
joint receptors (type 1-4)
A
act as limit detectors
18
Q
gamma motor neurons
A
innervate intrafusal muscle fiber to cause contraction of the spindle to allow it to stay taut
19
Q
type Ia afferents
A
faster, sensitive to speed and length of stretch
20
Q
Type II afferents
A
slower, sensitive to length of stretch
21
Q
Type 1 receptor
A
ruffini-like receptor (static joint position, joint movement, direction, and speed)
22
Q
type 2 receptor
A
paciniform receptor (joint movement and movement velocity)
23
Q
type 4 receptor
A
free nerve endings
24
Q
photoreceptors
A
responsive to light
25
mechanoreceptors
responsive to mechanical energy (touch, vestibular receptors)
26
chemoreceptors
responsive to certain chemical substances (taste and smell)
27
thermoreceptors
responsive to thermal energy (hot/cold)
28
exteroreceptors
sense information from outside the body
29
interoreceptors
sense information from inside the body
30
proprioceptors
sense information from the body itself (movement)
31
intensity coding
receptors can detect and code strength or magnitude of stimulus
32
graded response
the greater the stimulus, the greater the response
33
spatial summation
the larger the number of receptors that are stimulated, the stronger the perceived stimulus
34
temporal summation
a strong stimulus causes receptors to fire at a higher frequency than a weak stimulus
34
adequate stimulus
most receptors are built to respond only to one kind of stimulus energy
34
modality
when a specific receptor is stimulated to cause a consciously perceived sensation, you get the same modality of sensory experienced
35
adaptation
response slows with sustained stimulation
36
slow adapting stimulus
info about the size and shape
37
fast adapting stimulus
info about direction of movement
38
receptive field
the region of a sensory surface that, when stimulated, modulates the activity of a neuron
39
Weber's Law
the minimum amount that the strength or intensity of a stimuli must be to produce a perceived difference in the sensory experience (JND=K(I))
40
two point discrimination
our ability to discern points as being distinct (especially for sensation of touch)
41
vestibular system functions
perception of self motion, perception of head position, spacial orientation
42
x + y axis
anterior and posterior canals
43
z axis
horizontal canal
44
endolymph
fluid within semicircular canal
45
capula
hair cells within the canals
46
head rotation
deformation of capula in opposing directions (head turns right, increase in firing on left side, decrease in firing on left side)
47
otolith organs
utricle and saccule
48
utricle
responsible for detecting linear accelerations and horizontal head-tilt
49
saccule
responsible for detecting linear accelerations and vertical head-tilt
50
structure of otolith organs
contain heair cells within jelly like substance with otoconia on top
51
acceleration forwards
firing rate increases as otoconia are thrusted backwards
52
acceleration backwards
firing rate decreases as otoconia are thrusted forwards
53
tilting head back
increases firing rate as otoconia slide backwards
54
tilting head forwards
firing rate decreases as otoconia slide forward
55
VOR
coordinate eye movements that maintain a stable image on the retina
56
Dorsal horn
incoming afferent sensory informatino
57
ventral horn
outgoing efferent motor information
58
frontal lobe
executive functions, cognition, decision making for. motor control
59
temporal lobe
hearing, olfaction, object recofnition
60
parietal lobe
sensory information, vestibular information, and the integration of sensory and motor information
61
occipital lobe
visual information
62
M1
primary motor cortex, movement execution
63
S1
primary somatosensory cortex, processing sensory information
64
SMA
supplementary motor area, learning movement sequences, bimanual motor activities
65
FEF
frontal eye fields, eye movements
66
brocas area
speech production
67
basal ganglia
control of voluntary movement, initiation and completion, activating and retrieving movement plans, scaling movement parameters
68
cerebellum
posture and balance, motor learning, motor coordination
69
cerebrocerebellum
premotor cortex, motor planning
70
spinocerebellum
motor cortex and brainstem, motor execution
71
vestibulocerebellum
motorneurons in spinal cord and brainstem
72
EEG
direct measure of the brain that records electrical patterns
73
MEG
direct measure of the brain that records magnetic fields produced by electrical activity of the brain
74
PET
indirect measure of the brain that tracks radioactive markers within the brain
75
fMRI
indirect measure of the brain that aligns atomic particles and measures the interaction with radiowaves
76
sensory neurons
detect changes in the environment (stimuli)
77
motor neurons
send signals to target tissues in order to elicit a response to a particular stimulus
78
interneurons
neither sensory or motor, serve an integrative function
79
dynamic polarization
information flows from the dendrites to the axon terminals and information will not back-propogate
80
connectional specificity
no cytoplasmic connection between neurons, they make precise connections
81
action potential
influx and efflux of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane
82
Electrical synapses
direct connections between neurons through gap junctions
83
chemical synapses
communication between synapses via the release of neurotransmitters
84
multiple sclerosis
damage to the myelination causing possible loss of vision, tingling, numbness, muscle weakness, poor corrdination
85
white matter
myelin surrounding axons
86
gray matter
soma and dendrites
87
skill
an action or task that has a specific goal
88
properties of a skill
goal directed, voluntary, acquired through experience/practice
89
discrete action
clearly specified beginning and end
90
serial movement
involve a series of discrete movements
91
continuous movement
have an arbitrary start and end
92
low cognitive demand
actions are automatic, with little thinking about the task required
93
high cognitive demand
the motor component is less significant than the cognitive element
94
closed environment
environment does not change while performing the skill
95
open
environment is changing during the performance of the skill
96
ability
stable trait or capacity of the individual that is a determinant of a person's potential for the performance of a specific skill (thought to be hereditary)
97
individual differences
differences among people that contribute to differences in task performance (body type, cultural background, emotional makeup, developmental stage, abilities)
98
motor fit
achieving the same motor outcome despite different circumstances
99
adaptation/adaptability
the ability to change motor behavior depending on the circumstances
100
motor equivalence
equality of outcome of two or more movements, movement patterns, or muscle contractions that may be different in other respects
101
voluntary motor control
goal directed behavior that is performed deliberately and with the conscious intention to achieve the goal. performer is aware of having the choice whether or not to carry it out
102
involuntary behavior
behavior that is not voluntary. Performed without conscious intention, and the person is not aware of having a choice about whether it is produced or not
103
parkinson's disease
loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (part of the basal ganglia) that may cause tremor, bradykinesia, freezing, shuffling gait, impaired posture/balance, muscular rigidity
104
huntington's disease
hyperkinetic disorder that results in chorea (dance like movements), lack of coordination, emotional and cognitive impairements
105
goal directed characteristics
adaptability + persistence in response to failure
106
movement error
when what we plan and what we do, do not align
107
internal model
preprogrammed basis of movement contained in the brain, thought to live in the cerebellum
108
open loop control
comands are preset, we have to wait until the next movement to make a correction
109
closed loop control
uses feedback to continue to improve movement, making corrections along the way
110
disturbance
cause of movement error where inputs external to the control system affect the controlled variables
111
controller mistake
cause of movement error where the controller could make a change in the control variable when it is not needed or respond to an error with an inappropriate change of the control variable
112
changes to the requirements
cause of movement error where the required value of the controlled variable changes
113
cerebellar ataxia
genetic neurodegenerative disorder that affects one's ability to walk (drunken gait), talk, and use fine motor skills
