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motor control + learning > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Ventromedial Pathways

A

reactive + balance tracts

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2
Q

Tectospinal tract

A

ventromedial tract responsible for coordinating audiovisual information

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3
Q

reticulospinal tract

A

ventromedial pathway responsible for voluntary and involuntary movements, muscle tone, and spinal reflexes

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4
Q

vestibulospinal tract

A

ventromedial pathway responsible for facilitating VOR and limb extensor muscles in response to otolith organs

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5
Q

Antero lateral pathway

A

voluntary movements

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6
Q

Rubrospinal tract

A

antero lateral pathway responsible for gross motor movements + motor coordination

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7
Q

corticospinal tract

A

anterolateral pathway important for fine motor movements

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8
Q

spinocerebellar tract

A

sensory tract responsible for relaying non conscious, proprioceptive information

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9
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

sensory tract responsible for relaying information about touch, pain, and temperature

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10
Q

Dorsal column medial lemniscus tract

A

sensory tract responsible for relaying conscious, refined touch, proprioception, and vibration

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11
Q

alpha motor neurons

A

innervate extrafusal muscle fibers to cause muscular contraction

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12
Q

encapsulated endings

A

primarily mechanoreceptors that inform about object movement and frictions

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13
Q

free endings

A

primarily act as nociceptors

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14
Q

proprioceptors

A

low grade mechanoreceptors that inform the CNS about movement and position by detecting stretch

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15
Q

muscle spindles

A

detect muscle stretch

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16
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

detect applied force

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17
Q

joint receptors (type 1-4)

A

act as limit detectors

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18
Q

gamma motor neurons

A

innervate intrafusal muscle fiber to cause contraction of the spindle to allow it to stay taut

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19
Q

type Ia afferents

A

faster, sensitive to speed and length of stretch

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20
Q

Type II afferents

A

slower, sensitive to length of stretch

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21
Q

Type 1 receptor

A

ruffini-like receptor (static joint position, joint movement, direction, and speed)

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22
Q

type 2 receptor

A

paciniform receptor (joint movement and movement velocity)

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23
Q

type 4 receptor

A

free nerve endings

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24
Q

photoreceptors

A

responsive to light

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25
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

responsive to mechanical energy (touch, vestibular receptors)

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26
Q

chemoreceptors

A

responsive to certain chemical substances (taste and smell)

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27
Q

thermoreceptors

A

responsive to thermal energy (hot/cold)

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28
Q

exteroreceptors

A

sense information from outside the body

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29
Q

interoreceptors

A

sense information from inside the body

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30
Q

proprioceptors

A

sense information from the body itself (movement)

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31
Q

intensity coding

A

receptors can detect and code strength or magnitude of stimulus

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32
Q

graded response

A

the greater the stimulus, the greater the response

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33
Q

spatial summation

A

the larger the number of receptors that are stimulated, the stronger the perceived stimulus

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34
Q

temporal summation

A

a strong stimulus causes receptors to fire at a higher frequency than a weak stimulus

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34
Q

adequate stimulus

A

most receptors are built to respond only to one kind of stimulus energy

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34
Q

modality

A

when a specific receptor is stimulated to cause a consciously perceived sensation, you get the same modality of sensory experienced

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35
Q

adaptation

A

response slows with sustained stimulation

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36
Q

slow adapting stimulus

A

info about the size and shape

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37
Q

fast adapting stimulus

A

info about direction of movement

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38
Q

receptive field

A

the region of a sensory surface that, when stimulated, modulates the activity of a neuron

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39
Q

Weber’s Law

A

the minimum amount that the strength or intensity of a stimuli must be to produce a perceived difference in the sensory experience (JND=K(I))

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40
Q

two point discrimination

A

our ability to discern points as being distinct (especially for sensation of touch)

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41
Q

vestibular system functions

A

perception of self motion, perception of head position, spacial orientation

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42
Q

x + y axis

A

anterior and posterior canals

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43
Q

z axis

A

horizontal canal

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44
Q

endolymph

A

fluid within semicircular canal

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45
Q

capula

A

hair cells within the canals

46
Q

head rotation

A

deformation of capula in opposing directions (head turns right, increase in firing on left side, decrease in firing on left side)

47
Q

otolith organs

A

utricle and saccule

48
Q

utricle

A

responsible for detecting linear accelerations and horizontal head-tilt

49
Q

saccule

A

responsible for detecting linear accelerations and vertical head-tilt

50
Q

structure of otolith organs

A

contain heair cells within jelly like substance with otoconia on top

51
Q

acceleration forwards

A

firing rate increases as otoconia are thrusted backwards

52
Q

acceleration backwards

A

firing rate decreases as otoconia are thrusted forwards

53
Q

tilting head back

A

increases firing rate as otoconia slide backwards

54
Q

tilting head forwards

A

firing rate decreases as otoconia slide forward

55
Q

VOR

A

coordinate eye movements that maintain a stable image on the retina

56
Q

Dorsal horn

A

incoming afferent sensory informatino

57
Q

ventral horn

A

outgoing efferent motor information

58
Q

frontal lobe

A

executive functions, cognition, decision making for. motor control

59
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing, olfaction, object recofnition

60
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory information, vestibular information, and the integration of sensory and motor information

61
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual information

62
Q

M1

A

primary motor cortex, movement execution

63
Q

S1

A

primary somatosensory cortex, processing sensory information

64
Q

SMA

A

supplementary motor area, learning movement sequences, bimanual motor activities

65
Q

FEF

A

frontal eye fields, eye movements

66
Q

brocas area

A

speech production

67
Q

basal ganglia

A

control of voluntary movement, initiation and completion, activating and retrieving movement plans, scaling movement parameters

68
Q

cerebellum

A

posture and balance, motor learning, motor coordination

69
Q

cerebrocerebellum

A

premotor cortex, motor planning

70
Q

spinocerebellum

A

motor cortex and brainstem, motor execution

71
Q

vestibulocerebellum

A

motorneurons in spinal cord and brainstem

72
Q

EEG

A

direct measure of the brain that records electrical patterns

73
Q

MEG

A

direct measure of the brain that records magnetic fields produced by electrical activity of the brain

74
Q

PET

A

indirect measure of the brain that tracks radioactive markers within the brain

75
Q

fMRI

A

indirect measure of the brain that aligns atomic particles and measures the interaction with radiowaves

76
Q

sensory neurons

A

detect changes in the environment (stimuli)

77
Q

motor neurons

A

send signals to target tissues in order to elicit a response to a particular stimulus

78
Q

interneurons

A

neither sensory or motor, serve an integrative function

79
Q

dynamic polarization

A

information flows from the dendrites to the axon terminals and information will not back-propogate

80
Q

connectional specificity

A

no cytoplasmic connection between neurons, they make precise connections

81
Q

action potential

A

influx and efflux of sodium and potassium ions across the membrane

82
Q

Electrical synapses

A

direct connections between neurons through gap junctions

83
Q

chemical synapses

A

communication between synapses via the release of neurotransmitters

84
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

damage to the myelination causing possible loss of vision, tingling, numbness, muscle weakness, poor corrdination

85
Q

white matter

A

myelin surrounding axons

86
Q

gray matter

A

soma and dendrites

87
Q

skill

A

an action or task that has a specific goal

88
Q

properties of a skill

A

goal directed, voluntary, acquired through experience/practice

89
Q

discrete action

A

clearly specified beginning and end

90
Q

serial movement

A

involve a series of discrete movements

91
Q

continuous movement

A

have an arbitrary start and end

92
Q

low cognitive demand

A

actions are automatic, with little thinking about the task required

93
Q

high cognitive demand

A

the motor component is less significant than the cognitive element

94
Q

closed environment

A

environment does not change while performing the skill

95
Q

open

A

environment is changing during the performance of the skill

96
Q

ability

A

stable trait or capacity of the individual that is a determinant of a person’s potential for the performance of a specific skill (thought to be hereditary)

97
Q

individual differences

A

differences among people that contribute to differences in task performance (body type, cultural background, emotional makeup, developmental stage, abilities)

98
Q

motor fit

A

achieving the same motor outcome despite different circumstances

99
Q

adaptation/adaptability

A

the ability to change motor behavior depending on the circumstances

100
Q

motor equivalence

A

equality of outcome of two or more movements, movement patterns, or muscle contractions that may be different in other respects

101
Q

voluntary motor control

A

goal directed behavior that is performed deliberately and with the conscious intention to achieve the goal. performer is aware of having the choice whether or not to carry it out

102
Q

involuntary behavior

A

behavior that is not voluntary. Performed without conscious intention, and the person is not aware of having a choice about whether it is produced or not

103
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (part of the basal ganglia) that may cause tremor, bradykinesia, freezing, shuffling gait, impaired posture/balance, muscular rigidity

104
Q

huntington’s disease

A

hyperkinetic disorder that results in chorea (dance like movements), lack of coordination, emotional and cognitive impairements

105
Q

goal directed characteristics

A

adaptability + persistence in response to failure

106
Q

movement error

A

when what we plan and what we do, do not align

107
Q

internal model

A

preprogrammed basis of movement contained in the brain, thought to live in the cerebellum

108
Q

open loop control

A

comands are preset, we have to wait until the next movement to make a correction

109
Q

closed loop control

A

uses feedback to continue to improve movement, making corrections along the way

110
Q

disturbance

A

cause of movement error where inputs external to the control system affect the controlled variables

111
Q

controller mistake

A

cause of movement error where the controller could make a change in the control variable when it is not needed or respond to an error with an inappropriate change of the control variable

112
Q

changes to the requirements

A

cause of movement error where the required value of the controlled variable changes

113
Q

cerebellar ataxia

A

genetic neurodegenerative disorder that affects one’s ability to walk (drunken gait), talk, and use fine motor skills

motor control + learning (1 decks)

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