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forest entomology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

JBS Haldane

A

“… In inordinate fondness for beetles…”

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2
Q

beetle diversity

A

400K species of described species, 40% of all insects, and ~26% of all described living things.

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3
Q

insect diversity decline

A
  • what is the baseline
  • sampling error
  • snapshot comparison
  • causes
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4
Q

why are insects so successful?

A
  • an exoskeleton for protection and to prevent desiccation
  • variable size
  • flight
  • internal fertilization of an egg
  • early colonization of land
  • complete metamorphosis
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5
Q

why should we care about insects?

A

*decomposers
*pollination
food webs
ecosystem services
nutrient cycle
predation
medicine
commercial products
environmental quality

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6
Q

insect detriment

A
  • disease (malaria, plague, typhus, sleeping sickness, yellow fever, dengue
  • economic damage
  • direct and indirect ( crop, forests, products)
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7
Q

Order Protura ‘coneheads’

A
  • no eyes, wings, antennae
  • prefer moist organic soil
  • feeding habitat not well known
  • mouthparts are styliform
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8
Q

order collembola ‘springtails’

A
  • small
  • furcula
  • eyes absent or reduced
  • moist habitat
  • very common
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9
Q

order diplura

A

-small
-eyeless
- long, beaded antennae
- pair of caudal
- many feed on plant matter
800 spp.

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10
Q

order archeaognatha ‘bristletails’

A
  • chewing mouthparts
  • ametabolous development
  • 250 spp
  • under leaf litter
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11
Q

order zygentoma: silverfish and firebrats

A
  • common in leaflitter
  • common in basements
  • 450 spp
  • firebrats prefer warm places near fireplaces and heaters
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12
Q

evolution of mandibles

A

An early shift from monodondylic to dicondylic mandibles.

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13
Q

monocondylic: crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes, early hexapods, archeaognatha

A

more simple set of mandibles. crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes, early hexapods, archeaognatha

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14
Q

dicondylic mandibles

A

stabilize movements of mandibles and open new niches for insects

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15
Q

ametabolous

A

no change in body morphology during growth and development

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16
Q

hemimetabolous

A

having no pupal stage in the transition from larva to adult.

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17
Q

holometabolous

A

Complete, or holometabolous, metamorphosis is characteristic of beetles, butterflies and moths, flies, and wasps. Their life cycle includes four stages: egg, larva (q.v.), pupa (q.v.), and adult. The larva differs greatly from the adult.

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18
Q

apterygotes

A

ametabolous

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19
Q

exopterygotes

A

hemimetabolous

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20
Q

order ephemeroptera

A
  • mayflies
  • immature nymph stage
  • unpolluted habitats with fresh moving water
  • most species herbivorous
  • subimago = subadult
  • cannot fold their wings
  • ~2000 species worldwide
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21
Q

order odonata

A

dragonflies and damselflies
- another ancient order with a nymph stage
- very large eyes
- greatly lengthened abdomen
- damselflies have wings held parallel at rest
- dragonflies have wings held perpendicular
- ~5000 species worldwide

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22
Q

Order Plecoptera

A
  • adults do not disperse far from water.
  • poor fliers
  • nymph in well-oxygenated water
  • adults feed off of soft plant tissue
  • nymph feed on other invertebrates or detritus
    hind wings are pleated and foldable
    >2000 spp
  • stoneflies
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23
Q

Order Blattodea

A
  • Roaches and termites
  • mandibulate: fore or hind wings, membraneous, similar
24
Q

order mantodea

A
  • mantids
  • elongated prothorax
  • raptorial forelegs for catching prey
  • triangular head
  • most diverse in the tropics
  • of the 20 N. American species only 5 are common and 3 are non-native
  • the pet trade causes the release of new mantid species
  • 1800 spp worldwide
25
Q

Order orthoptera

A
  • crickets, grasshoppers, katydids
  • saltatorial legs
  • front legs smaller than the hind wind wings
  • most are herbivorous
  • 2nd thoracic segment smaller than the 1st and the 3rd
  • ~1000 spp in N. America
  • > 20,000 spp worldwide
26
Q

Order Plasmodea

A

stick insects
- medium to large sized insects
- usually slender and elongated
- typically flattened and wide
- many wingless.

27
Q

order dermoptera

A
  • earwigs
  • elongated
  • simple, slender antennae
  • legs, thin, adapted to running
  • some wingless but if wings present forewings harden covering hindwing
  • abdomen with cerci, purpose unclear
28
Q

Order Paraneoptera

A
  • many derived in morphology than polyneoptera
  • simplification of some structures such as reduced wing venation
  • Major modification to mouthparts
  • relationship between some of the paraneopteran order have not been resolved and several different higher classifications have been proposed
29
Q

Insect mouthparts

A
  • mouthparts have undergone a significant evolutionary change.
  • mouthparts evolved from ancient walking limbs
  • the ancestral condition is thought to be mandibulate.
30
Q

Order Psocodea

A
  • barklice and booklice
  • phytophagous, feed on organic matter including algae, lichen, fungi
  • active, fast running
  • stocky body, shades of brown and grey
  • large heads with bulging faces and large eyes
  • antennae face towards abdomen
  • prothorax small compared to head
31
Q

Mallophaga

A
  • chewing lice
  • secondarily wingless
  • flattened
  • parasitic on birds and some mammals
  • chewing mouthparts
  • most are host-specific
32
Q

Anoplura

A

sucking lice
- secondarily wingless
- sucking mouthparts
- obligate ectoparasites or mammals
- host-specific and incapable of living off the host
- effective vector of disease in humans and animals

33
Q

Order Thysanoptera

A
  • thrips
  • 4 long and narrow wings, fringed in hair.
  • sucking mouthparts
  • pests of plants especially in greenhouses
  • disease vector
34
Q

Order Hemiptera

A
  • combination of 2 previous orders ( heteroptera and homoptera) now suborders
  • all have piercing-sucking mouthparts
35
Q

suborder heteroptera

A
  • diverse: plant feeders, predators, external parasites, scavengers, aquatic species
  • the presence of hemelytra
  • > 50,000 species
36
Q

Suborder Hemiptera

A
  • 4 wings, front legs often hardened
  • sucking mouthparts
  • variable antennae
  • all plant feeders, some pests
  • some disease vectors
  • unlike the Heteroptera, great diversity in morphology
37
Q

Endopterygotes

A
  • holometabolous
  • majority of insect diversity is in these orders
  • just four orders account for 80% of insect species
    • coleoptera, lepidoptera, diptera, hymenoptera
  • relationship between some of the orders is not well understood.
38
Q

Order Coleoptera

A
  • beetles
  • modified hard shell called an elytra
  • ~400,000 species.
  • all functional roles represented: predators, herbivores, parasites, decomposers, scavengers, aquatic
39
Q

order strepsiptera

A
  • twisted wing parasites
  • active first stage larvae attached to host
  • develop as legeless internal parasite on their host until adulthood.
  • adult males have wings
  • adult females are wingless legless and never leaves the host
  • fertilized female produce larvae that first consume their mother
40
Q

order mecoptera

A
  • scorpionflies
  • small or medium size
  • two pairs of membraneous wings
  • threadlike antennae
  • males with scorpion-like terminal segments
41
Q

Order diptera

A

extremely diverse, many functional roles: predators, parasites, parasitoids, scavengers, herbivores, pollinators, decomposers, aquatic
- single pair of wings
- halteres
- many families pupate in the last larval skin: puparium

42
Q

order trichoptera

A
  • caddisfly
  • sister group of the Lepidoptera
  • scales on wings
  • long antennae
  • herbivores, detritivores, predators, all are aquatic
  • well known for their larval cases.
43
Q

order lepidoptera

A
  • butterflies and moths
  • mostly herbivores larvae, adults sip nectar
  • lepid = scale
44
Q

Order hymenoptera

A
  • bees, ants, social wasps, sawflies, and parasitic wasps.
  • great diversity in parasitoid wasp
  • membraneous wings with few veins
  • hymen = membrane
  • ants and wasps have thread waists
  • polyDNA virus
  • remarkable symbiosis between parasitoid braconid wasps and the ancient group of virus
45
Q

Early Forest entomology

A

was focused on reducing the impact of pest insect populations to increase forest health, growth, yield

46
Q

Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg

A

Founder of forest entomology. 1837-1844; published 3 volumes and a supplement

47
Q

Andrew Hopkins

A

Founder of North American Forest Entomology

48
Q

insect phytophagy

A

phytophagy insects coevolved with plants. there are no plants known that do not have insects that feed on them. Plants have evolved numerous mechanisms to deal with herbivory.

49
Q

Folivores

A

leaf-eating insects
- open feeding
- windowpane
- skeletonizing
- leaf/needle typing/rolling
- leaf mining

50
Q

defoliators

A

groups of folivores that have damaging impacts. sometimes on a very large scale. may have seasonal outbreaks.
- largest agent of disturbance in the US and Canada.
- natural outbreaks are part of the ecology.

51
Q

irruptive defoliator dynamics

A

species outbreak at irregular intervals.

52
Q

periodic or cyclical defoliator dynamics

A

populations increase/decrease at a regular interval

53
Q

Outbreak

A

high population density characteristic

54
Q

Tent Caterpillars

A

6 species in N America species. spring feeding defoliators.
- except for the forest tent caterpillar, all spin silken tents where they rest.

55
Q

Forest tent caterpillars

A
  • one of the most widely disturbed forest insects in North America
  • native species with the same lifecycle across its range
  • population exhibits strong regional preference for certain host trees.
56
Q

Budworms

A

-A complex of mostly conifer-feeding torticid moths.
- some of the most economically important forest pests in N. america.
- spruce budworms, western spruce budworms, jackpine budworms, large aspen tortrix
- eggs laid in late summer and hatch but the larvae makes hibernacula under bark to overwinter and eat the fresh buds in the spring.
- wasteful eaters

57
Q

dendrochronology

A

quantitative dating method based on the analysis of tree ring growth.
can be a very sensitive and useful tool for looking at environmental events of the past
- not effective for some species of trees.

forest entomology (4 decks)

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