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Psychology 1010 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

(113 cards)

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1
Q

Brain component of Psychology

A

Biological and Chemical processes

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2
Q

Mind component of Psychology

A

Subjective experiences and how we interpret information from the environment

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3
Q

Behavior component of Psychology

A

Our actions and decisions, measurable and observable

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4
Q

Implications

A

Refer to the broader meaning, consequences and applications that can be drawn from study results

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5
Q

Operationalization

A

Defining variables in ways that allow them to be measured

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6
Q

Internal validity

A

examines whether the study design, conduct and analysis answer the research question without bias from other variables

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7
Q

External validity

A

examines whether the study findings can be generalized to other contexts

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8
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

An in depth study of a phenomenon in its natural setting

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9
Q

Correlational Methods

A

research methods that measure the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables

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10
Q

Experimental methods

A

research methods that test hypothesis and allow researchers to draw conclusions about causality

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11
Q

Between subject-design

A

Randomly assign participants to two or more groups. Expose each group to a different condition of an independent variable. Compare

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12
Q

Within subject design

A

Only one group of participants, expose each participants to both conditions , compare

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13
Q

IRB Ethical Principles, Respect for persons

A

autonomy of individuals should be respected and informed consent must be sought; persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to equal protection

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14
Q

IRB ethical principles, Beneficence

A

a responsibility to do no harm, to maximize possible benefits, and to minimize the possibility of harm

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15
Q

IRB Ethical Principles

A

an expectation of fairness in the distribution of benefits realized from research, as well as its burdens

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16
Q

steps of scientific method

A

Observation, Literature review, Hypothesis, Design a study, collect data, analyze data, draw conclusions, report findings, peer review and theory development

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17
Q

Sensation

A

The process of detecting stimuli from the environment

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18
Q

Transduction

A

process of translating sensory information into neural activity, effects of a physical signal like light or sound on the firing of neurons in the brain

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19
Q

Perception

A

the process of interpreting sensory information

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20
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

reduced neural response to an unchanging stimulus

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21
Q

Selective attention

A

ability to focus on a subset of the available information and ignore the rest

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22
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

perception based on building simple input into more complex perceptions

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23
Q

Top-down processing

A

a perceptual process in which memory and other cognitive processes are required for interpreting sensory information

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24
Q

Psychophysics

A

the study of the relationship between the physical qualities of stimuli and the subjective responses they produce

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25
absolute threshold
the smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected
26
Difference threshold
the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli
27
Signal detection theory (SDT)
a method for determining an individuals threshold for making different types of decisions
28
SDT Hit
detecting a stimulus when a stimulus is present
29
SDT Miss
not detecting stimulus when stimulus is present
30
SDT false alarm
believing a stimulus exists when a stimulus is absent
31
SDT correct rejection
Believing there is no stimulus when stimulus is absent
32
Cornea
the clear surface at the front of the eye that begins the process of directing light to the retina
33
Iris
the brightly colored circular muscle surrounding the pupil
34
Pupil
an opening formed by the iris where light enters the eye
35
Lens
The clear structure behind the poupil that bends light towards the retina
36
Retina
layers of visual processing cells in the back of the eye
37
Fovea
an area of the retina that is specialized for highly detailed vision
38
Optic nerve
where information leaves the eye and connects to the brain
39
Photoreceptors
specialized neurons that react to light
40
Rods and Cones
(R) detect light and dark (C) detect color
41
Retinal Neurons
pass information from the photoreceptors to the optic nerve which leads to the brain
42
Horizontal cells
integrate and modulate output of rods and cones
43
Bipolar cells
receive input from horizontal cells and photoreceptors, causing excitation and inhibition
44
Amacrine cells
decode signal from bipolar cells
45
Ganglion cells
relay retinal input to the visual processing centers in the brain via the optic nerve
46
Neurotransmission
the transfer of information between neurons
47
Synapse
the point of communication between two neurons
48
Glutamate
the primary neurotransmitter involved in communication between neurons in the retina
49
Resting potential
neurons naturally carry a charge of about -70 millivolts
50
Graded potential
change in membrane potential caused by a neurotransmitter binding to a ligand-gated channel
51
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
reduced
52
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
increased
53
Action Potential
sudden massive rise and subsequent fall of membrane potential
54
spike rate
number of action potentials per unit of time
55
Optic tracts
carry information beyond the optic chiasm to the thalamus
56
Nervous system
command center of the body; responsible for controlling your movements, body processes, thoughts, and automatic responses to the world around you
57
Central Nervous system
consists of the brain and spinal cord; central source of any message that needs to be sent to anywhere else in your body
58
Peripheral Nervous System
consists of the nerves that branch out all over your body; relays information to your organs, arms, legs, fingers, and toes
59
Somatic nervous system
relays information from the sensory organs to and from the CNS and guides your voluntary movements
60
Autonomic Nervous System
controls the activities that your body does without thinking about them
61
Sympathetic Nervous System
Prepares the body for situations that require the expenditure of energy
62
Parasympathetic Nervous system
prepares the body for rest repair and energy storage
63
Enteric Nervous system
relays messages related to the gastrointestinal system
64
Emotion
a combination of arousal or physical sensations and subjective feelings that occur spontaneously in response to environmental stimuli
65
Arousal
ones physiological level of alertness and intensity
66
Yerkes-Dodson Law
a description of the relationships among task complexity
67
Circumflex model of emotion
emotions are distributed in a space with dimensions of arousal
68
Structuralism
belief that the mind could be broken down into smaller components
69
Gestalt Psychology
belief that experience is not just the sum of our perceptions but rather is influenced by the organization and grouping of elements into meaningful patterns.
70
Functionalism
Belief that mental processes exist because they serve specific functions in helping individuals survive
71
James-Lange Theory
proposes that physical sensations lead to subjective feelings
72
Cannon-Bard Theory
Proposes that physical sensations and the subjective feelings of an emotion occur simultaneously and independently
73
Limbic System
part of the brain that interprets stimuli and regulates physical sensations
74
Nature Perspective
we are born with emotions, and we evolved to experience specific emotions in response to different stimuli
75
universal emotions
humans are born 6 basic emotions
76
Nurture Perspective
emotional experiences and expressions are learned and are defines by culture and socialization
77
hypothalamus
involved in regulating and coordinating the body's physiological responses
78
Amygdala
processes the emotional significance of stimuli
79
Thalamus
Receives input from sensory systems and projects information to the appropriate region of the cerebral cortex
80
Hippocampus
Primary function is the formation of memories for facts and events
81
Fast Pathway
Sensory Information goes to the thalamus and directly to the amygdala
82
Slow pathway
Sensory information goes to the thalamus, cortex and then amygdala
83
Appraisals
Detection and assessment of stimuli with relevance for one's personal well-being
84
Cognitive reappraisal
reinterpreting the meaning and significance of the situation in a more positive or adaptive way
85
CBT
a form of psychological treatment that has. been demonstrative to be effective for a range of problems
86
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
Basic needs (food, water, warmth, rest) Psychological needs(intimate relationships, friends) , Self-fulfillment needs (self actualization, creative activities)
87
Learning
a relatively permanent change in ehavior due to experience
88
Associative learning
the formation of associations or connections among stimuli and behavior
89
Classical Conditioning
a type of learning in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time
90
Operant Conditioning
a type of learning in which associations are formed between voluntary behaviors and their outcomes
91
Contingency
stimuli repeatedly occur together
92
Contiguity
stimuli must occur close together in time
93
Generalization
a conditioned response to one object is exhibited in the presence of similar stimuli
94
Neuroplasticity
the selective organizing of connections between neurons in our brain, based on our experiences
95
Counterconditioning
substituting one conditioned response with another
96
Aversion Therapy
conditioning an organism to be repelled by an addictive substance; add bad-tasting agent to cigarettes or alcohol to condition the user to no longer enjoy them
97
Systematic Desensitization
associations between the phobic stimulus and fear are replaced with a positive emotion; Mary Cover Jones paired feared object (rabbit) with beloved snack (cookies) so that Little Peter would no longer fear rabbits
98
Primary reinforcers
support our natural need for survival; food, water, safety
99
Secondary reinforcers
gain value and ability to influence behavior from being associated with other things that are valued
100
Ventral tegmental area
structure that initiates dopamine release to a behavior
101
Nucelus accumbens
integrates dopamine signaling from the VTA with prediction error
102
Prefrontal Cortex
assesses value of rewards and exert control over behaviors
103
Phoneme
the smallest component in speech sound
104
morpheme
the smallest component of speech that carries meaning
105
synaptic pruning
as the brain matures some synaptic connections are strengthened and maintained
106
Heuristics
shortcuts to problem solving
107
Recognition Heuristic
Higher value is placed on the more easily recognized alternative
108
Availability Heuristic
Frequency of an event's occurence is predicted by the ease with which the event is brought to mind
109
representativeness heuristic
stimuli that are more similar to a prototype are believed to be more likely
110
Affect Heuristic
Choosing between alternatives based on emotional or gut reactions to stimuli
111
Robert sternbergs Triarchic theory of intelligence
Divides intelligence into domains of analytical creative and practical
112
Fluid intelligence
the ability to think logically without learned knowledge
113
Crystallized intelligence
the ability to think logically using specific learned knowledge

Psychology 1010 (3 decks)

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