Exam 1 Flashcards

(52 cards)

1
Q

where does sensing occur

A

peripheral receptors

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2
Q

where does perceiving occur

A

1st and 2nd sensory cortices

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3
Q

where does interpreting occur

A

higher level sensory processing areas in parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes

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4
Q

where does conceptualizing occur

A

prefrontal cortex, other higher level association areas

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5
Q

where does strategy/planning occur

A

supplementary motor cortex basal ganglia/cerebellum

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6
Q

where does execution occur

A

motor neurons and mm/joints

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7
Q

describe hierarchial distributing processing

A

within ascending levels of SNS

with perception higher brain centers integrate input from many different systems and interpret sensory info

with motor control higher brain centers form motor plans/stretegies

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8
Q

describe parallel distributed processing

A

signal processed simultaneiously among multiple different brain structures

cerebellum and basal gangial process info at the same time before sending to motor cortex

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9
Q

what is the nuclear chain

A

rate of change or dynamic muscle length (stretch slowly)

spherical nuclei/static and dynamic

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10
Q

What are bag fibers

A

steady state or static muscle length (stretch quickly)

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11
Q

how do afferent neurons affect muscle spindle function for inhibition/activation

A

afferent neurons intrafusal on fibers sense muscle length changes

respond to quick stretch

mostly responsive to steady state/static muscle length

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12
Q

what are golgi tendon organ and what are their functions

A

muscle tendon junction

info carried to CNS by afferent fibers

inhibits motor neurons to agonist muscle and excite antagonist muscle, protect against tension

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13
Q

what are the types of joint receptors

A

ruffini type
paciniform endings
ligament receptors
free nerve endings

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14
Q

what are joint receptors located and what are their function

A

located in joint capsule
sensitive to joint angle, position, etc

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15
Q

what are the types of cutaneous recpetors

A

mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
nocioreceptors

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16
Q

what is the function of cutaneous receptros

A

used in hierarchical processing

lower levels of CNS = skin provides info for reflexes

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17
Q

what is the function of the dorsal lateral medial lemniscus

A

transfers information from touch and pressure receptors

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18
Q

what is the fucntion of the anterolateral spinothalamic tract

A

transfers information on pain, temperature, crude touche, and pressure

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19
Q

what is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex

A

processes afferent sensory information

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20
Q

what is the function of the secondary somatosensory cortex

A

stores, processes, retains information from primary cortex

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21
Q

what is the function of the association cortex

A

transition from perception to action

interplay between cognotive and perceptual processing

link info from several senses

22
Q

what is the vision systems role in motor control

A

identify object in space
gives info of where we are in space
visual proprioception

23
Q

what is the vestibular systems role in motor control

A

sensitive to position of head in space, sudden changes in direction or movement of the head

semicircular canals

important to stabilize eyes and maintain posture stability

24
Q

what S&S would indicate abnormal function of the vestibular system

A

dizziness/unsteadiness/problems focusing eyes and keeping balance

25
what is the function of VOR in motor control
keeps eyes foxed on object when head turns rotates eyes opposite of head movement to allow steady gaze
26
how does the primary motor cortex control movement via the corticospinal tract
Force and speed of an action are controlled by the corticospinal tract Single joint motions Control of movement sequence
27
how does the supplementary motor cortex control movement via the corticospinal tract
motor planning and sequencing movements activated by internal stimuli helps activate motor programs involved in learned sequence input from putaman of basal nuclei
28
how does the premotor cortex control movement via the corticospinal tract
input form cerebellum movements activated by external stimuli
29
describe how the cerebellum plays a role in motor function
coordination of movement, cognition received info form corticopontine tracts receives sensory info, sends outputs to motor cortex and other systems in brain to modify motor output
30
list the components of the basal ganglia
putamen caudate nucleus globus pallidus subthalamic nucleus substantia nigra
31
describe the brainstem's involvement in motor control
controlling facilitation and inhibition of muscle tone to maintain posture
32
describe the function of the mid brain in motor control
controls distal muscle and proximal axial muscles
33
define motor skills
specific movement of muscle to perform a certain task
34
define motor learning
study of the acquisition and/or modification of skilled action
35
define motor control
study of nature and control of movement
36
define motor development
change in motor behavior over a life span and the sequential, contrinuous, age related process of change
37
what are the 3 characteristics that comprise a motor skill
locomotor nonicomotor manipulative
38
what are the 3 criteria used to analyze the ability of a person to perform a motor skill
extent to which the person can consistently achieve the goal of a task extent to which a person can achieve the task under a different range of coniditons degree of efficiency
39
what are gross motor skills
requires use of large muscles to achieve goal of skill walkingw
40
what are fine motor skills
requires use of small muscles to achieve goal of skill typically involves eye-hand coordination and requires high degree of precision of hand and finger movement
41
what are descrete motor skills
clearly define movement beginning and end usuallly simple movement stepping up 1 step
42
what are continuous motor skills
arbitrary movement beginning and end points usually involve repetitive movements walking on treadmill
43
what are serial motor skills
skill involving series of discrete skills triple jump
44
what are environmental context skills
supporting surface, object,s and/or other people or animals involved in the environment in which a skill is performed floor, manipulated objects, noises, surrounding people
45
describe closed motor skills
performed in a stationary enviornment where the performer determines when to begin the action walking across the room without other people in the room
46
describe open motor skills
skill performed in a moving environment where the feature of the environment context in motion determines when to begin the action crossing the street after teh walk sign comes on
47
describe the determinants affecting brain development
genetics - basic wiring of the brain prenatal factors - mother's health, nutrition, stress caregiver support - providing for needs enviromental stimuli - brian processes info and strengthens certain neural connections or synapses and weakens other
48
describe the neuro-matirationist theory
ontogeny of behavior is an intrinsic property of the organizm with maturation leading to an unfolding of predetermined patterns, supported, but not fundamentally altered by the environment motor develioment is linear, depneds on antomic nervous system changes environment is not an influence on morot behavior and milestones
49
describe the developmental cognotive theory
stages - alternating disquilibrium and equilibrium development: interaction between cognotive - neural and environemnt opportunities 1st reflex - voluntary movement sensimotor: 0-2 years pereoperational: 2-7 years concrete: 7-11 years forma: 11+ years
50
describe the motor learning cognotive theory
no specific developmental stages trial and error - development general motor programs, recall schemes, recognition contribute to motor learning development
51
describe dynamical systems theory
no primary driver to influence motor development (many systems/factors) wide range of "normal" milestones - nonlinear
52
describe the neuronal group selection