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History and Systems > Exam 1 :( > Flashcards

Exam 1 :( Flashcards

1
Q

Idealist + why?

A

Plato, believed your senses/perceptions were untrustworthy and the ideas of things are more real than those things (very much in his head)

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2
Q

1st psychological experiment

A

King Psamtik, Egypt, 7th century BCE, raised kids without any language

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3
Q

mind/body dualism

A

idea that the mind and body are completely separate and separable

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4
Q

Who’s idea was the cave allegory and what was it?

A

Plato, 2 guys in cave, staring at cave wall, only see shadows, one gets free, goes out and sees the actual things of the shadows, comes back to tell his buddy, buddy doesn’t believe him

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5
Q

Father of Medicine + how?

A

Hippocrates, divorced medicine from religion and superstition

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6
Q

Whose theory was the 4 humors and what was it?

A

Galen, good health was a balance of 4 bodily liquids: blood, phlegm, black and yellow bile

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7
Q

Who’s idea was tripartite soul and what is it?

A

Plato, chariot analogy: soul drives chariot while mind and body are the horses, soul has three levels: appetite/desire, spirit/will, thought/reason… very id-ego-superego-esque

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8
Q

Midwife of Thought + why?

A

Socrates, taught socratic method of teaching, mind/body dualism starts here

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9
Q

Who was the founder of rational psychology + what did he believe?

A

Rene Descartes, believed in mind-body dualism and that the two were only connected by the pineal gland, animal spirits, “I think therefore I am”

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10
Q

Greeks order of events

A

Socrates was first, Hippocrates shortly after unrelated to the others, Plato studies under Socrates and contradicts him on some things, Aristotle studies under Plato and completely contradicts him

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11
Q

deductive reasoning

A

starting with general ideas and getting more specific as you narrow in

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12
Q

inductive reasoning

A

starting with specific ideas and broadening to more general conclusions, Aristotle’s idea, completely legitimate

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13
Q

Who were the empiricist-associationists, and what did they believe?

A

Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume, mostly Englishmen who believed in basing all ideas off of lived experiences, and strongly believed in data equating to evidence, which leads to a conclusion

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14
Q

Realist + why?

A

Aristotle, lots of contradictions to Plato, believed sensory perceptions were the primary way to acquire knowledge, saw importance of direct observation and evidence, 1st functional view of mind

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15
Q

Who’s idea was 2 kinds of emotions and what were they?

A

Galen, irascible (wants to get away from danger/frustration) and concupiscible (wants to go toward pleasure/happiness)… expanded by Thomas Aquinas

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16
Q

What is St. Augustine known for?

A

big Plato fan, incorporates his beliefs into Christianity, cannot trust the senses, believes in free will and that the mind and body are not separate, they are together and the same

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17
Q

Rationalist psychology

A

applies mathematical reasoning to psychology

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18
Q

Who was the first modern associationist and what did he believe?

A

Thomas Hobbes, coined “train of thought,” believing all thoughts are just connections from other thoughts

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19
Q

Thomas Aquinas beliefs

A

big Aristotle fan, we can infuse psychology into Christianity, belief in mind-body dualism and we have no free will (also expands on Galen’s two emotions theory)

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20
Q

Who’s idea was the 3 functions of the psyche and what were they?

A

Thomas Aquinas, psyche has three functions: vegetative (automatic), sentient (perceiving and sensing), and rational (higher thought)

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21
Q

Who’s idea was mechanical-hydraulic theory and what is it?

A

Descartes, inspired by the Palace of Versailles fountains, believed animal spirits were contained in fluid in the brain cavities and controlling brain messages (senses, behaviors, etc.)

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22
Q

Who did the water temperature experiment and what did he find?

A

John Locke, found that perceptions are subjective based on how one experiences it, one warm bucket of water, one very hot bucket and one very cold bucket, those whose hands were first in the cold bucket perceived the warm bucket as significantly warmer than those whose hands were in the hot bucket

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23
Q

Who said “to be is to be perceived”?

A

George Berkeley, who did studies on perception theory, and meaning that how we see things is based on experience (much like John Locke)

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24
Q

Who came up with the principles of association and what were they?

A

David Hume: resemblance (we link similar ideas and impressions), contiguity (we connect ideas and impressions through time/place), and cause-effect (we infer one thing causes another through our own experience)

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25
Q

Who was the first to suggest we are born with a “blank slate” brain at birth?

A

John Locke, Father of English Empiricism, meaning that we have no innate thoughts and everything we think or perceive is formed by experience

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26
Q

Who’s idea was monadology and what is it?

A

Gottfried Leibniz, believed entire universe was made up of “monads”, which were similar in concept to molecules

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27
Q

Who differentiated ideas and impressions, and how?

A

David Hume, saying impressions were the direct and vivid product of an immediate sensory experience, while ideas were the cold copies of old impressions

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28
Q

Who was the founder of modern philosophy and what did he believe?

A

Immanuel Kant, believed in innate knowledge in 12 categories (a priori), and that we cannot measure the mind, setting back psychology

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29
Q

Who’s idea was apperception and what is it?

A

Leibniz, the ability to think about one’s own perceptions, we are aware of and try to understand our own unconscious perceptions, a sense without physical sensation

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30
Q

What was the group called that ascribed to the Cartesian tradition and who were the main people?

A

Rationalist-Nativists (have an idea first to get to the conclusion) (believed in “prewiring”, pre-ordained/innate knowledge, and origins having impact on future abilities) – Leibniz and Kant

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31
Q

Hobbes was purely physicalist. What does this mean? What were his thoughts on imagination?

A

physicalist means he focused entirely on the physical experience, imagination was just “decaying” sense, meaning it was always echoes of what was experienced in the real world

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32
Q

Who was the Founder of Hypnosis?

A

Franz Mesmer, originally called it “mesmerism”, was largely sensationalized and acted only as a placebo effect for a short time

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33
Q

Whose was the idea of animal magnetism and what was it?

A

Franz Mesmer, who used a large oak tub with various magnet rods to “re-align” the animal forces in the human mind/body, “effectively” curing neurosis through the power of suggestion

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34
Q

Whose idea was phrenology, and what was it?

A

idea that one can interpret character/ability from the shape/size of head– Franz Gall, who felt people’s scalps using a map of 27 areas of the brain, in which if there were raised bumps, the person had a more pronounced version of that trait held in that particular area of the brain

35
Q

Who was the first great modern physiologist and what did he do? Why is it incorrect?

A

Johannes Müller, who believed in specific nerve energies, which means that the mind cannot access the outside world except through the nerves (which is incorrect, because we interpret all nerve sensations in the brain)

36
Q

What is jnd and whose theory is it?

A

Ernst Weber, Just noticeable differences= the smallest perceivable difference that humans can understand is subjective

37
Q

What did Wilhelm Wundt study?

A

Mainly trivial processes to measure the speeds of certain mental processes and a person’s experience of a sensation, believing higher mental processes to be too difficult to measure at the time

38
Q

What is Weber’s law?

A

The just noticeable difference magnitude varies with the magnitude of the measured stimulus

39
Q

Who founded the first psychological lab, and what did this do?

A

Wilhelm Wundt founded the first psychological lab Konvikt in 1879, establishing psychology as a science

40
Q

Who coins the term “psychophysics” and what is it?

A

Gustav Fechner, a branch which deals with physical stimuli and mental phenomena

41
Q

How did Fechner contribute to Weber’s law?

A

Fechner found a logarithmic equation for the relationship between stimulus intensity and sensation intensity (S = k log R)

42
Q

Who held the idea of panpsychic theory and what was it?

A

Gustav Fechner, believing that all or many things beyond humans have consciousness

43
Q

Who had the idea of functionalism in psychology and what was it?

A

William James, believed the higher mental processes adapted in humans, as related to evolution, because the mind is simply a tool which allows us to react to our environment (focuses mainly the capabilities and trial-and-error facets of the mind)

44
Q

Who studied frog leg nerve impulses, and what did he find?

A

Hermann von Helmholtz, who found that our nerve impulses are electrochemical and that the speed of our nerve impulses are technically pretty slow (at least in mutilated frog legs)

45
Q

What is another name for the Young-Helmholtz theory and what was it?

A

Trichromatic theory, that the three primary colors translate to three different color receptors in the brain (still a reigning theory in color vision today)

46
Q

What were Wundt’s beliefs on introspection?

A

He believed that experimental self-observation was key to the basic awareness of one’s perceptions of simple stimuli

47
Q

Who studied nonsense syllables and their relation to memory, and what did he find?

A

Hermann Ebbinghaus, invented a way to study memory by creating 2300 nonsense syllables and making himself recall as many as possible, finding that forgetting was related to a time lapse between learning and recall

48
Q

What is pragmatism and whose idea was it?

A

William James, believed a thought’s value came from what things came from the thought, purely logical view of decision-making, emphasizing practical consequences

49
Q

Who coined the term “stream of consciousness”?

A

William James, believing reality was immediately perceived and joins an unbroken flow of conscious thought, thinking of thought as a continuum

50
Q

What is the James-Lange Theory of Emotion?

A

Developed by William James and Carl Lange, the idea is that we perceive something, and we first experience the physiological reactions to the situation before we experience the mental affection called emotion

51
Q

Who invented psychoanalysis, and what is it?

A

Sigmund Freud, who emphasized techniques such as free association or dream interpretation to bring repressed beliefs or unconscious thoughts to light (very much the lying on the couch vibe of therapy)

52
Q

What is free association?

A

Coined by Sigmund Freud, free association is simply allowing someone to concentrate on remembering and talking about whatever comes to mind

53
Q

What were Freud’s psychosexual stages?

A

Believed each stage was marked by some form of sensuous physical desire, which someone had to overcome and learn to work with, or they would be stuck with it into adulthood (oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital)

54
Q

Who first believed the unconscious was “dynamic” and what does this mean?

A

Sigmund Freud, who did not invent the idea of the unconscious, but was the first to believe it played an active, and almost domineering, role in one’s mental life

55
Q

Whose idea was the tripartite psyche and what was it?

A

Sigmund Freud, who separated the mind into three areas: the id, the ego, and the superego

56
Q

Who was the first to study true individual differences?

A

Francis Galton, inspired by his cousin Charles Darwin, mostly focused on intelligence and mental “giftedness” studies

57
Q

Who coined the term eugenics and why?

A

Francis Galton, who believed that society would improve from the rewarding of breeding of certain “superior” people due to his research on individual differences

58
Q

What were the research methods that Francis Galton developed?

A

Self-report, correlational analysis, regression, and adoption/twin studies

59
Q

What were Freud’s ideas on dream interpretation?

A

Believed dreams were self-made fulfillments of unconscious waking desires and wishes, and were helpful in uncovering repressed/unconscious desires

60
Q

Who was responsible for the beginning of the mental testing movement?

A

James McKeen Cattel, who came up with the first 10-battery mental test (10 tests rolled into one big score)

61
Q

Who developed the first intelligence test based on cognitive ability?

A

Alfred Binet, created it to predict child success in school after school was made mandatory for all children in France, called the “Binet-Simon scale”

62
Q

Who developed the term “IQ” and what is it?

A

William Stern, came up with the intelligence quotient which divided one’s mental (tested) age by their chronological age

63
Q

Who was the biggest asshole in intelligence testing and why?

A

Henry Goddard, who was such a strong supporter of eugenics that he actually contributed to the development of sterilization laws and screenings at Ellis Island, preventing immigrants from entering the country if they were “unintelligent”

64
Q

Who was the first behaviorist and what were his experiments?

A

Edward Thorndike: chicks in mazes and cats in puzzle boxes, studying learning in these animals and how they solve the problems they find themselves in

65
Q

Who translated the Binet-Simon scale to English?

A

Henry Goddard, the asshole

66
Q

What is Lewis Terman famous for in intelligence testing?

A

Was the first to standardize (mass-test people) and norm-reference (find the averages, IQ=100) the Stanford-Binet scale

67
Q

What are the WISC and WAIS?

A

Intelligence tests developed by David Weschler, which are still used today

68
Q

Whose theory is the triarchic theory of intelligence and what is it?

A

Robert Sternberg, who believed that as a society we only value one of the three labeled intelligences he sees: analytic (intellectual), where we should also value the creative and practical intelligences other people possess

69
Q

Whose theory is the theory of multiple intelligences and what is it?

A

Howard Gardner, who identifies 8 types of intelligences that people may possessed, important in that it is largely a strengths-based analysis of people

70
Q

Who won a 1904 Nobel Prize and for what?

A

Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist for his work in classical conditioning

71
Q

What is Clark Hull famous for in behaviorism?

A

Clark Hull calculated a mathematical equation for behaviorism and attempted to attach behaviorism to physics principles, believing behavior is nothing more than linked habits

72
Q

Who are Pavlov’s dogs?

A

An experiment in classical conditioning, where Pavlov, who was originally just a physiologist, discovers that an unconditioned response can respond to a conditioned stimulus, and thus begins his study of classical conditioning

73
Q

What are the Laws of effect and exercise, and whose are they?

A

Edward Thorndike, the law of effect is based on “satisfiers” and “annoyers” (a behavior with a pleasurable response is likely to be repeated, and a behavior with a bad consequence is likely to be avoided), and the law of exercise is the relationship to a stimulus is strengthened by how many times the relationship is established

74
Q

Who is John Watson and why does he suck?

A

John Watson was a behaviorist who conducted the Little Albert experiment, in which he traumatizes an orphan child into being terrified of white rats (through classical conditioning)… he also had an affair with his research assistant and broke the heart of his wife

75
Q

Whose study was the Candle-and-Box study, and what was it?

A

Karl Duncker, to study functional fixedness by providing tools to solve a problem (attach a candle to the wall) with three tools: a box of tacks, a candle, and some matches… functional fixedness comes in because the problem is much easier to solve if one uses the box that holds the tacks, but no one sees it functioning like that as it is only to hold the tacks

76
Q

What are Skinner boxes and what were experimented on in them?

A

B.F. Skinner studied both rats and pigeons in his Skinner boxes, which were little chambers with levers for food and other needs, and often included different versions of bad things that they could push a lever to stop, including electrified floors

77
Q

Who is the intellectual father of Gestalt theory?

A

Max Wertheimer, who developed the idea for Gestalt theory from a stroboscope

78
Q

What is Gestalt theory?

A

Gestalt theory indicates that that the mind adds structure and meaning to incoming sensations

79
Q

Who studied chimpanzees, where, and what did he discover?

A

Wolfgang Köhler, studied various primates on Tenerife, a Canary Island, and studied their problem-solving ability to come up with solutions to get bananas , finding the idea of insight learning

80
Q

What is operant conditioning and who is famous for its development as a theory?

A

B.F. Skinner discovered operant conditioning through his work on Skinner boxes, and discovered that learned behavior is largely based on what behaviors are rewarded or punished

81
Q

What is insight learning and whose idea was it?

A

Wolfgang Köhler, who found through primate studies that learning does not necessarily depend on the reward, but rather that they can restructure their view of a situation to solve a problem, leading to an AHA moment, and they can generalize and apply this insight to other similar problems

82
Q

Who studied with Köhler and Wertheimer, and what books did he write?

A

Kurt Koffka, “Growth of the Mind” and “Principles of Gestalt Psychology”

83
Q

What is functional fixedness in Gestalt psychology, and whose idea was it?

A

Karl Duncker, who discovered that we often only see things in specific functions, so it is difficult for us to view them in other functions until another idea is revealed to us

History and Systems (1 decks)

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