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human factors > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

micro-ergonomics

A

concerned with the design of the human-machine system at the level of the individual

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2
Q

macro-ergonomics

A

concerned with how organizational and cultural aspects influence the operation of the human-machine system

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3
Q

basic research

A

answers questions for the sake of answering questions (knowledge)

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4
Q

applied research

A

answers questions to solve practical problems

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5
Q

Design Process (Norman)

A
  1. Observation
  2. Idea Generation
  3. Prototyping
  4. Testing
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6
Q

Characteristics of Human-Centered Design

A
  1. affordances (how do you use your body to interact)
  2. signifiers (cues added to help indicate possible interactions)
  3. intuitive mappings (relationship between action/inaction and its consequences)
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7
Q

Human Values

A
  1. human welfare
  2. ownership and property
  3. privacy
  4. freedom from bias
  5. universal usability
  6. trust
  7. autonomy
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8
Q

methods

A

the tools we use to accomplish the goals of human factors

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9
Q

Designing the right thing

A

planning, context of use, and requirements

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10
Q

designing the thing right

A

design and evaluation

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11
Q

designing right thing: planning

A

what are you trying to do with how much time and money?
methods: meetings, phone calls
end results: reports, presentations, budgets, timelines, etc.

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12
Q

designing right thing: context-of-use

A

user, tools, task, environment, organizational context

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13
Q

context-of-use methods

A

observation, interviews, surveys, focus groups, scenarios of use/personas, task analysis

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14
Q

descriptive methods used in design process

A
  1. literature search
  2. archival data
  3. observation
  4. surveys/questionnaires
  5. interviews
  6. focus groups
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14
Q

designing the right thing: requirements

A

set of criteria the design must satisfy

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14
Q

brainstorming techniques strengths

A

generate ideas
attempt to relate design to user needs
cheap and fast

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15
Q

design methods

A
  1. brainstorming
  2. design guidelines and standards
  3. card sorting
  4. competitor/existing system analysis
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15
Q

brainstorming techniques weaknesses

A

do not consult users
may miss important user needs

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15
Q

standards

A

formally adopted after a review process by professionals as “best practice”

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15
Q

designing thing right: evaluation

A
  1. cognitive walkthrough
  2. wizard of oz technique
  3. true experiment
  4. heuristic evaluation
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15
Q

guidelines

A

less formal, one person/group’s suggestions

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16
Q

card sorting

A

method for helping understand how to design for organization information
menus, website organization, etc.

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16
Q

cognitive walkthrough

A

define a task, then perform task yourself and document all potential problems

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16
Q

wizard of oz technique

A

use a low fidelity, cheap prototype or mock-up of the system

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16
heuristic evaluation
compare the system to a set of established general design principles
17
function(al) allocation
determines what tasks person does, machine does, and what tasks are shared between them
18
assistance systems
automation helps the person
19
partial automation
automation does some parts of the task, human does others
20
full automation
automation does everything without human input
21
tasks we might automate
information acquisition information analysis desicion making action
22
trust and compliance
trust: does user believe automation will help compliance: does user rely on automation or ignore it high trust = high compliance
23
reliability of automation
trust and compliance depend on this
24
what does user do after automation fails
Misses: user monitors system, even when automation says everything is okay False alarms: user stops complying with automation and ignores it Bad advice/action: user ignores automation, turns it off (if possible), etc.
25
automation paradox
want highly reliable automation but leaves human unprepared to respond to automation failure due to complacency, loss of skill, overconfidence
26
mode error
Human action inappropriate for the current state of system
27
automation use
can increase safety, usability, and desirability of systems
28
automation misuse
relying on unreliable automation
29
automation disuse
ignoring automation
30
automation abuse
designing automation without considering effects on humans ex: autonowashing - making claims that exaggerate or misrepresent the actual capabilities of automation
31
heuristic checklist
1. visibility of system status 2. match between system and real world 3. user control and freedom 4. consistency and standards 5. error prevention 6. recognition, not recall 7. flexibility and efficiency of use 8. aesthetic and minimal design 9. recovery from errors 10. help and documentation
32
visibility of system status
does the system keep the user informed with feedback at appropriate times
33
match between system and real world
does the system use concepts and language familiar to the user
34
user control and freedom
does the system allow the user to correct mistakes and go back, undo, redo, etc
35
consistency and standards
are consistent conventions used and is system consistent with other similar systems
36
error prevention
is the system designed such that errors are impossible
37
flexibility and efficiency of use
does system provide shortcuts for exerts
38
recovery from errors
does system have detailed and specific messages to help user recognize and recover from errors
39
slips
human knows correct goal or action but does the wrong thing
40
action-based slip
performing wrong action
41
memory-based slip
forgetting to complete a step
42
skill-based slip
lacking skill to complete a step
43
perceptual slip
failure to see or hear
44
mistakes
rule-based: correct diagnosis, wrong solution knowledge-based: inaccurate knowledge of task/system memory-lapse: forgetting part of goal or plan
45
violations
routine: habitual exceptional: isolated incident
46
latent failures
hidden or obscured organizational influences, unsafe supervision, preconditions for unsafe acts
47
organizational influences
Resource management Organizational climate Organizational process
48
unsafe supervision
Inadequate supervision Planned inappropriate operations Failure to correct problem Supervisory violations
49
preconditions for unsafe acts
Environmental factors Condition of operators Personnel factors (Crew resource management, Personal readiness)
50
unsafe acts
Errors (Skill-based errors, Decision errors, Perceptual errors) Violations (Routine, Exceptional)
51
visual display
Any part of a system designed to convey information to the human’s eyes
52
conspicuity
how well display attracts attention
53
visibility
how well you can see the intended information
54
legibility
H = .007 x viewing distance
55
choosing typeface
long texts: serifs signs, signifiers: san serifers
56
contrast
luminance difference / average luminance
57
rods
achromatic but very sensitive
58
cones
color info and acuity but not as sensitive
59
gestalt concepts
1. proximity - elements close together are grouped together 2. closure - supply missing elements to close or complete familiar figure 3. similarity - similar tend to be grouped together 4. simplicity - organize elements in simplest way possible 5. continuity - see elements in ways that produce smooth continuation

human factors (1 decks)

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