Exam 1

Question 1

What is the new way that we study nature and nurture?

Answer 1

The interaction of both

Question 2

Nature

Answer 2

genetics determine behavior, personality, and traits

Question 3

Nurture

Answer 3

environment, upbringing, and life experiences determine behavior

Question 4

Continuous Development

Answer 4

gradually adding skills that one already has (quantitative changes)

Question 5

Discontinuous development

Answer 5

New ways of understanding and responding to the world (qualitative changes)

Question 6

Equifinality

Answer 6

different pathways that (from average) lead to the same outcome

Question 7

Multifinality

Answer 7

same pathway as average that leads to a different outcome role of child in development

Question 8

active development

Answer 8

forming your own traits and abilities

Question 9

passive development

Answer 9

characteristies are molded by others like parents

Question 10

Id

Answer 10

basic intellectual drive (self motivated)

Question 11

Ego

Answer 11

self motivated but understands real world

Question 12

Superego

Answer 12

Moral principles that work against the Id

Question 13

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 13

Freuds Theory that in the way that we deal with biological urges moves us through a series of stages that shape our personalities

Question 14

Psychosocial stages

Answer 14

Erick Ericksons theory based on
a central conflict to be resolved involving the social world and development of identity

Question 15

Behaviorism

Answer 15

Theory developed by Watson where he believed that we all enter this world as a blank slate

Question 16

Classical Conditioning

Answer 16

process by
which a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) that naturally evokes a certain response (unconditioned response) is paired with a neutral stimulus

Question 17

Reinforcement

Answer 17

anything that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will continue Or happen again

Question 18

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 18

occurs when you get something you like
and want.
ex. person talking smiles

Question 19

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 19

occurs when something disagreeable is removed
ex getting away from an annoying sound

Question 20

Punishment

Answer 20

intended to decrease the likelihood of a response

Question 21

Positive Punishment

Answer 21

adding an averisive stimulus ex. scolding a student In class

Question 22

Negative Punishment

Answer 22

Involves removing a reinforcing stimulus ex. not allowing playtime because child failed an exam

Question 23

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 23

people learn through others

Question 24

What are the cognitive components of the Social Cognitive Theory?

Answer 24

attention, memory, motivation

Question 25

Experimental Research Design

Answer 25

experimental group is administered treatment and outcome is compared to control group

Question 26

QuasiExperimental

Answer 26

where members of groups ale selected because they represent different treatment conditions

Question 27

Correlational

Answer 27

Examining the relationship between two or more variables

Question 28

Longitudual

Answer 28

follows a group of individuals and gathers data from them at several points in time

Question 29

Cross-Sectional

Answer 29

research design that uses multiple groups of participants who represent the age span of interest to the researcher

Question 30

Sequential

Answer 30

research design that uses multiple groups of participants to follow over time

Question 31

Cohort Effect

Answer 31

Differences between groups in cross-sec or sequential study attributable to the fact that participants have different life experiences

Question 32

Microgenetic

Answer 32

research design that frequently observes participants during a period of time or transition

Question 33

Molecular Genetics

Answer 33

chromosomes, hair/eye color, height

Question 34

Behavioral Genetics

Answer 34

traits like personality or intelligence

Question 35

genotype

Answer 35

genetic makeup

Question 36

phenotype

Answer 36

physical characteristics

Question 37

Canalized

Answer 37

the degree to which a gene is influenced by the environment

Question 38

epigenetics

Answer 38

a system by which genes are activated or silenced in response to events in an environment

Question 39

passive gene-environment correlation

Answer 39

a situation where a child's family shares his own genetically determined abilities and interests

Question 40

evocative gene-environment correlation

Answer 40

child's genetics evoke certain responses from those around them

Question 41

active gene-environment correlation

Answer 41

genetic endowment becomes a driving force to seek experience that fits their genetics

Question 42

teratogen

Answer 42

any environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development and cause a structural abnormality

Question 43

germinal period

Answer 43

weeks 1-2

Question 44

embryonic period

Answer 44

weeks 3-8

Question 45

fetal period

Answer 45

weeks 9-38

Question 46

age of viability

Answer 46

between 22 & 26 weeks

Question 47

neurons

Answer 47

cells of the nervous system

Question 48

synapse

Answer 48

the place where an axon from one neuron meets a dendrite

Question 49

synaptogenesis

Answer 49

development of new synapses

Question 50

myelination of neurons

Answer 50

affected by our experiences

Question 51

experience-expectant brain development

Answer 51

occurs when we experience events that are normal to our brains

Question 52

experience-dependent brain development

Answer 52

individual experiences to specific and personal events

Question 53

assimilation

Answer 53

fitting new experiences into mental schemas

Question 54

equilibration

Answer 54

an attempt to resolve uncertainty to return to a comfortable cognitive state

Question 55

accommodation

Answer 55

changing mental schemas to fit new experiences

Question 56

sensorimotor stage

Answer 56

infants understand the world through their senses not intuitively

Question 57

preoperational stage

Answer 57

use mental symbols cannot use logic and thinks egocentrically

Question 58

concrete operations stage

Answer 58

can think logically but not abstractly

Question 59

formal operations stage

Answer 59

can think both logically and abstractly