Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESS 106 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Magma

A

Partially molten material (melted rock, crystals, dissolved gases) that solidifies when cooled. It is stored under Earth’s crust.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lava

A

Molten rock that breaks through the Earth’s surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Igneous Rock & Their Types

A

Formed by crystallization from a molten material.

Intrusive - cool and crystallize before reaching surface

Extrusive - erupt on Earth surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dike

A

Intrusive Igneous feature that cute through surrounding rock.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When magma cools SLOWLY, what does it create?

A

Granite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When magma cools QUICKLY, what does it create?

A

Mixed texture (porphyritic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three manifestations of Igneous Rock and their examples?

A

Intrusive - Granite

Extrusive-Effusive - Obsidian

Extrusive-Explosive - Rhyolite

Extensive means they form at erupting volcanoes and oozing fissures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Three Compositions of Magma & Their Associations

A

Basalt - shield volcanoes, flood basalts, monogenetic fields, pillow basalts, ocean floor volcanoes.

Andesite- Stratovolcanoes

Rhyolite - Large Calderas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does Felsic vs. Mafic Rock Types mean?

A

Mafic- contains less silica (Basalt)

Felsic - more silica (Rhyolite)

(Intermediate: Andesite)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the importance of silica in rock types and lava?

A

Mafic - hotter temperatures; increases viscosity and flow; effusive eruption (less dissolved gas)

Felsic - cooler temperatures; explosive eruptions (more dissolved gas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Basalt & Its Characteristics

A

Dark-colored; Most common type in Earth’s Crust, Least Explosive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two types of Basalt Lava Flows?

A

Aa Flow - Rough
Pahoehoe- Smoother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Andesite/Dacite and it’s Characteristics

A

Grey to black; more crystals; small flows; pyroclastic flows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Rhyolite & It’s Characteristics

A

Mostly silica; many eruptive products (obsidian); highly explosive eruptions; lava flows less common; slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is rock melted ? How is magma produced ?

A
  1. Add H2O (contaminant)
    It lowers melting temperature. Water is added from subducting crust. Do not need a lot of it !
  2. Decompress Rock (Lower Pressure)
    — Take something deep in mantle and bring towards surface.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mantle & What is it made of ?

A

Solid bulk of Earth’s interior that lies between Earth’s core and crust.

It is made out of Peridotite.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does melting the mantle produce?

A

Magma—Directly Basalt !

Changes in pressure in crust turns Basalt magma into other types.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Plate

A

Region in Earth’s surface moving uniform together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Plate Tectonic

A

Theory that major landforms are created as a result of Earth’s plates movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is Inge Lehman important ?

A

Discovered Earth’s inner core is solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Volcanism

A

Manifestation of heat and mass transfer from the inner Earth to its crust, oceans, and atmosphere

22
Q

7 Major Plates

A

Pacific, North American, African, Eurasian, South American, Australian, and Antarctic plate are the major plates that make up 94% of Earth surface.

23
Q

How do we recognize plate motion?

A

Sea floor Mapping: belts are created by magnetic field reversing (change in polarity) showing sea-floor spreading through plate motion.

24
Q

What is the Geological evidence of Plate Tectonics?

A

Mountain belts and rock types of continents match.

Fossils found where continents fit.

25
Q

Hotspot Track

A

Island chains/volcano chains that form as tectonic plates move over a plume of hot mantle (hotspot) rising deep from Earth.

26
Q

What drives Plate Tectonics?

A

Radioactive Decay

27
Q

Ring of Fire

A

String of volcanoes and sites of seismic activity or earthquakes around edges of Pacific Ocean.

28
Q

How does Earth release heat?

A

Plates are tug apart at subduction zones through slab pull.

Plates pushed apart at spreading ridges, enhancing subduction through slab pull.

Cold slab sinks into mantle, enhancing convection and promotions hot material to rise up.

29
Q

Subduction Zone

A

Where plates overlap at convergent boundaries.

30
Q

Subduction System of Volcanic Arcs

A

Dense, thin oceanic plate is bent and sinks into mantle and de-waters. This water goes into mantle and starts mantle-melting. This creates VOLCANOES

31
Q

What does Subduction create?

A

Oceanic trenches

32
Q

Island Arcs

A

Volcanic island chain formed as one oceanic plate subducts another, it melts, causing magma to rise.

Older plates and denser therefore tending to be the ones subducted.

33
Q

VEI

A

A scale based on VOLUME of eruptive products (“stuff”)

Greater VEI tends to have greater plume height and volume, less explosive

34
Q

What causes increase in silica in other magma types?

A

As basalt cools and enters crust, crystals are produced. These crystals remove oxides from magma. They eventually sink to floor or grow on walls, making proportion of silica GREATER.

35
Q

What affects lava viscosity?

A

Both Silica AND Water

Silica form tetrahedrons chains—mainly chains cause higher viscosity.

When water is added to tetrahedron chains, it decreases viscosity by breaking the chains.

36
Q

What are examples of controls of viscosity?

A

Temperature: higher temp. ー> low viscocity

Dissolved Gas: high gas ー> low viscosity

Number of bubbles and crystals: High ー> High Viscosity

37
Q

Viscosity

A

Stickiness/ Ability to respond to stress/pressure

38
Q

What are the Eruption categories

A
  1. Effusive- Pouring Out (Hawaiian)
  2. Explosive
39
Q

Five Types of Explosive Eruption Styles

A
  1. Phreatic
  2. Strombolian
  3. Vulcanian
  4. Dome Collapse
  5. Plinian
40
Q

Phreatic Eruptions

A

Caused by interactions of water and heated volcanic rock.

Steam Explosions ! (Hard to predict)

41
Q

Strombolian Eruptions

A

Intermittent fountaining of basaltic lava form a single vent.
Gas plugs firm; Rises to Top of Magma Column, Depressurizes, Burst Explodes

Stringy, Fireworky !

Forms Steep-sides Volcanoes; “Pele’s hair”, Aa flows

ALWAYS BASALTIC

42
Q

Vulcanian Eruptions

A

Intermittent vigorous explosion producing ash columns; gas runs eruption since dissolved gas cannot escape

Many overlapping small centers; more viscous

43
Q

Dome Collapse

A

Dome growth and collapse on volcano’s flank; generates pyroclastic flows

Locally catastrophic !

44
Q

Plinian Eruptions

A

Large explosive events that send enormous columns of ash into stratosphere.
Distribute ash significant distances from volcano and elevation; can influence weather on global scale

Most well known explosive type. Hazardous to aircraft!

45
Q

Activity versus Volcano Position in Hawaii

A

As volcanoes move Northwest, they become less active since they are no longer over Hawaiian hotspot.

46
Q

What are the Hawaiian islands composed of?

A

Multiple Volcanoes, Summits (Top of Volcano), and Rift Zones

47
Q

Rift Zone

A

Area where volcano is splitting apart; tends to be set of linear cracks

48
Q

What causes Rift Systems in Volcanoes?

A

Spreading of volcano as it settles.
Easiest pathway for magma to travel underground from summit.

49
Q

Two Rift Zones in Kilauea

A

East Rift Zone and Southwest Rift Zone

50
Q

What are East Rift Zone and Southwest Rift Zone associated with?

A

Fissure Eruptions, Fire Fountain, Lava Rivers and Flows, Lava Lakes, Cinder Cones, Shield Volcanoes

51
Q

Shield Volcanoes & How They’re Formed

A

Broad Volcano with gentle sloping sides.
Formed by fluid basaltic lava flows (made of layers of basaltic lava flow)

Examples: Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa

ESS 106 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions